Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Essay -- International Development

INTRODUCTION1.1IntroductionSmall and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as one of the growth engines for various countries in the world, since SMEs make up oer 90 percent of all enterprises. For instance, United States, 99.7 per cent (Heneman, Tansky, & Camp, 2000), China, 99 per cent (Cunningham & Rowley, 2008), Europe, 99 per cent (Andreas Rauch & Frese, 2000), Holland, 95 per cent, Philippines, 95 per cent and Taiwan, 96.5 per cent (C. Y.-Y. Lin, 1998) as good as Malaysia, 99.2 per cent (Man & Wafa, 2007 National SME increment Council (NSDC), 2009 Saleh & Ndubisi, 2006). The figures above show that countries all over the world recognized SMEs as a key business sector. Besides, Asia-Pacific economical Cooperation (APEC) (2002) pointed out that SMEs are deemed as a supporter to larger enterprises as well as an important foundation in expanding business activities and sustaining economic growth. SMEs so far provide more jobs than large companies (APEC, 2002 Dep artment of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM), 2007 NSDC, 2009). In sum, SMEs move a vital role and contribute to the economy and are likely to be progressively important as the economy becomes more global.In Malaysia, SMEs are considered as the backbone of industrial development (NSDC, 2009) and give meaningful contributions to the national economy. Hashim (2010) stated that SMEs play a significant role in generating more employment, economic outputs, income generation, export capabilities, training, encouraging competition, innovation and promoting entrepreneurship and supporting the large-scale industries (LSIs) as well. Moreover, Jaswant Singh, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority director in Australia (MIDA Australia), informed that the grow... ...t improve efficiency and effectiveness (J. Barney, 1991 Wernerfelt, 1984).However, in examining other variables, researchers found a significant relationship between HRM practices (Jimenez-Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2008 Nasution, Mavond o, Matanda, & Ndubisi, 2010) and EO (Nasution et al., 2010) towards organizational innovation. Other studies also found that there is an inconclusive result on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, & Bausch, 2010). These findings propose that strength researchers could study the mediating effect of organizational innovation on the relationship between HRM practices, EO and organizational performance. It is also suggesting that, there also have a moderator effect (managerial ties) on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance.

Capuchin BiPedalism :: essays papers

Capuchin BiPedalismThis experiment tested how posture affects the hand preference in topknotted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). The research indicated that in fact there may exist a preference for use of the right-hand when in an upright posture standing(a) bipedally. This preference, according to the study is exhibited in the capuchins when comer bipedally. However the monkeys did not necessarily exhibit a preference when using tools to probe for a treat. In growth the results showed that there was little or no bias in hand preference neither for reaching nor for tool use when standing quadrupedally. The authors link this finding with the human retreat from quadrupedalism and our subsequent right-hand preference that has been selected for almost exclusively, equally exemplified in all human cultures, through the use of complex tools.The experiment consisted of 11 male and 5 female capuchins at various developmental levels all of which contributed 50 trials each, over 8 month s. In order to conduct the quadrupedal reaching analysis the researchers placed a piece of fruit on the base of the subjects cage. To evoke the bipedal reaching response the fruit was sooner place 40-50 cm above the floor on the cage mesh. The probing response was evoked using an apparatus which was filled with a sweet scrawl syrup the apparatus was mounted to the cage both at the bottom of the cage (quadrupedal response) and at shoulder heighth (bipedal response). In all cases a researcher took strike out of the hand used for the retrieval or tool use actions.In order to more accurately and systematically measure each response the researchers create a formula that yields a handedness index (HI), a score that indicates hand preference. The formula is as follows (R-L)/(R+L) , R = the fig of right-handed reponses and L = the number of left-handed responses. Next this HI score was used as an absolute value so that regardless of right or left hand preference a measure is reache d that shows overall preference strength. This shield places a positive value to right-handed actions and a negative value to left-handed actions. According to this scale there was a significant rise in frequency of right-handedness in bipedal reaching and a greater frequency overall in bipedal action. Contrarily there was little interaction in the bipedal tool use.The authors offer several mechanisms through which bipedalism may affect a bad-tempered hand preference. One view offered is that the quadrupeds, not habitually standing bipedally, are influenced by the greater specialization required in order to perform much(prenominal) manual actions.

Brontës Depiction of Women in Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

In Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront uses the female characters to convey her views on Victorian conventions of charrhood. She does this initially by using first-person history to help us deal the characters in their true form. In this essay Im going to explain how Bront uses the character Jane as porthole for her own views and beliefs.During the period Jane Eyre was set, the 1840s, it was unoriginal that women were inferior to men and were non entitled to their own opinions or freedom of mind. Bront uses Blanche Ingram as an example of a typical woman of the time and the consequences of being so are shown throughout. Bront argues this view in her preface that ?conventionality is not morality,? this means that what society may think is widely accepted and respectable, is not necessarily what is right, and she creates Jane Eyre as an example of a woman who believes just this but who has, in the end, become more successful than Blanche.Women in the 19th Century were expected to be bonny and perfect(a) or they were nothing. Their decisions were do for them and their work was in the home. Charlotte Bront thought this immoral and believed that women should be admired for who they are, not what they look interchangeable. To highlight this point she uses the character Blanche Ingram, a four-year-old lady ?moulded like a Dian?. When reading of Blanche, we are not presented with a complimentary description, for although many other people may describe her as a beautiful, young and accomplished woman, we hear her description from the voice of Jane, who evidently tends to analyse people with a much deeper meaning than just their appearance, and although Jane does admit that Blanche is young and beautiful, she also describes her to be selfish and inconsiderate towards others - including Mr. Rochester - to who she appears to show no emotion. This is noticeably illustrated when Jane has been observing Blanche and notes that ?her laugh was satirical and so was the habitual expression of her arched and haughty lip?. The choice of the banter ?habitual? shows us that this sort of action is typical of her and that she often acts haughty and satirical. The reader immediately feels contempt for Blanche after this observation, as it portrays her to be arrogant and pretentious, especially as it was an action made towards Adele, who is a described to be a sweet young girl who Jane is fond of.Bronts word picture of Women in Jane Eyre essays research papersIn Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bront uses the female characters to convey her views on Victorian conventions of womanhood. She does this initially by using first-person narrative to help us see the characters in their true form. In this essay Im going to explain how Bront uses the character Jane as porthole for her own views and beliefs.During the period Jane Eyre was set, the 1840s, it was conventional that women were inferior to men and were not entitled to their own opinions or freedom of mind. Bront uses B lanche Ingram as an example of a typical woman of the time and the consequences of being so are shown throughout. Bront argues this view in her preface that ?conventionality is not morality,? this means that what society may think is widely accepted and respectable, is not necessarily what is right, and she creates Jane Eyre as an example of a woman who believes just this but who has, in the end, become more successful than Blanche.Women in the 19th Century were expected to be beautiful and accomplished or they were nothing. Their decisions were made for them and their work was in the home. Charlotte Bront thought this immoral and believed that women should be admired for who they are, not what they look like. To highlight this point she uses the character Blanche Ingram, a young lady ?moulded like a Dian?. When reading of Blanche, we are not presented with a complimentary description, for although many other people may describe her as a beautiful, young and accomplished woman, we h ear her description from the voice of Jane, who evidently tends to analyse people with a much deeper meaning than just their appearance, and although Jane does admit that Blanche is young and beautiful, she also describes her to be self-centred and inconsiderate towards others - including Mr. Rochester - to who she appears to show no emotion. This is noticeably illustrated when Jane has been observing Blanche and notes that ?her laugh was satirical and so was the habitual expression of her arched and haughty lip?. The choice of the word ?habitual? shows us that this sort of action is typical of her and that she often acts haughty and satirical. The reader immediately feels contempt for Blanche after this observation, as it portrays her to be arrogant and pretentious, especially as it was an action made towards Adele, who is a described to be a sweet young girl who Jane is fond of.

lesson plan for race class :: essays research papers

1. Course Description Study of historical and contemporary bucket along relations. We will Study how racism was created and how it is still present in society today. Examine how modern racism is in a way masked by language and actions. Course Objectives 1. lay down how racism effects the community as a whole not just certain groups. 2.Study past problems and establish what affects it still has on todays society. 3. reveal the different forms of prejudice. 4.Show how people unconsciously through language seem to justify racism 5.Identify how racism began and possible solutions. 6.Recognize the problem with categorizing by race. 7.Explore explanations for discrimination and inequality Course format The class will meet once a week for 2 hours. The class will consist of lecture, discussion, group work, movies, and a fieldtrip.Course Outline workweek 1 Introduction to the course. prove expectations and fears of the course. Prejudice vs. Discrimination. remonstrate most how prejudi ce is learned and perpetuated. calendar week 2 How is race defined? Is race determined socially or biologically, or both? Talk about good and bad things associated with black and white.Week 3 Show Racism 101. Discuss how people change slower than institutions. Has the concept of race changed over time? Week 4 Talk about language, present clips from TV shows or movies that show how people can unconsciously justify racism through language. Week 5 Talk about prejudices against multiracial people. How do they fit in? What problems do they face? Week 6 Show The Autobiography of Malcolm X. Week 7 civilization watching The Autobiography of Malcolm X and discuss different opinions of his work and what he did to fight racism and discrimination. Agree or disagree with him? Week 8 Show Cry Freedom start to discuss how Steve Biko was different from Malcolm and compare and contrast their fights against oppression. Discuss how it effected the whole country. Week 9 Finish Cry Freedom discuss t he hardships that Donald Woods and his family had to go through just to try and educate people about what was going on in siemens Africa. Week 10 Take fieldtrip to the Underground Railroad Museum, write a reflection paper. How have things changed and what things still remain today?Week 10 Discuss racism in the past. Jim Crow Laws, Different Rulings in the Supreme Court that led to the end of segregation. The Little Rock Nine Week 11 Show 4 Little Girls video about a racially motivated bombing of a black Baptist church in 1963 that takes the lives of four young girls.

Turn of the century Vermont literature :: essays research papers

The later half of the nineteenth century and early half of the twentieth century marked a period of great change in the United States. The demography was drastically affected by the influx of immigrants who left their homelands in search of a advanced life. People off all nationalities, languages, and colors came together as a newfound community to live work amongst one another, regardless of differences. Men sacrificed their homeland at the expense of providing for their families, their ultimate mission. With this new life brought hopes of freedom, opportunity, and work. In modern federation, money and material wealth are always at the center of life. The American dream is no longer characterized by a Leave it to Beaver lifestyle, but rather much larger in scale. The world we live in today is a capitalistic society that targets itself at making enormous profits off the funds of consumers. Americans want to be rich so that they can gain more for themselves to fulfill their greed, which never can be fully satisfied. The majority of people in todays society can be characterized as the Takers of the world. This situation that has grown to be the common way of life has blossomed over time into the mess that we observe today. Greed did not always rule society the way it does today. Literature and memoirs from a by-gone era prove this to be especially true. In reviewing such works, much emphasis is placed upon community and family. The man was conventionally the head of the household and would aim intensely to earn the needed resources to supply for his family. None the less, families tended to be larger in those days with the mother at the forefront of household and child duties. precondition this, these early people can be easily characterized as Givers. Marie Tomasis Like Lesser Gods illustrates this way of life through the men that came to Granitetown Vermont from lands far outdoor(a) in search of work at the granite quarries. The infinite amount of work wa s immeasurable which gave security to the people who came to work in this new land of Vermont. In turn, this brought self-fulfillment to the people who worked there. Mr. Tiff recalled a letter he had received from Pietro while in Italy that characterizes his feelingsIt is beautiful, this Vermont granite we work, and its lifetime is that of the pyramidsYou ask me if here I am satiate?

Turn of the century Vermont literature :: essays research papers

The later half of the nineteenth century and early half of the twentieth century marked a period of keen change in the United States. The demography was drastically affected by the influx of immigrants who left their homelands in search of a clean life. People pip all nationalities, languages, and colors came together as a newfound community to live work amongst one another, regardless of differences. Men sacrificed their homeland at the expenditure of providing for their families, their ultimate mission. With this new life brought hopes of freedom, opportunity, and work. In modern society, money and material wealth are al way of lifes at the center of life. The American dream is no longer characterized by a Leave it to Beaver lifestyle, but rather much larger in scale. The world we live in today is a capitalistic society that targets itself at making enormous profits off the funds of consumers. Americans want to be rich so that they can gain to a greater extent for themselves t o fulfill their greed, which never can be fully satisfied. The majority of people in todays society can be characterized as the Takers of the world. This spot that has grown to be the common way of life has blossomed over time into the mess that we observe today. Greed did not always rule society the way it does today. Literature and memoirs from a by-gone era prove this to be especially true. In reviewing such works, much emphasis is placed upon community and family. The man was conventionally the cutting edge of the menage and would labor intensely to earn the needed resources to supply for his family. None the less, families tended to be larger in those days with the mother at the forefront of household and child duties. Given this, these early people can be easily characterized as Givers. Marie Tomasis Like Lesser Gods illustrates this way of life through the men that came to Granitetown Vermont from lands far away in search of work at the granite quarries. The infinite amou nt of work was immeasurable which gave security to the people who came to work in this new land of Vermont. In turn, this brought self-fulfillment to the people who worked there. Mr. Tiff recalled a letter he had received from Pietro while in Italy that characterizes his feelingsIt is beautiful, this Vermont granite we work, and its lifetime is that of the pyramidsYou ask me if here I am content?

Family Systems Essay

Family ashess speculation was founded by Dr. Murray Bowen. He suggested that the connections and reactions found within a family system creates interdependence on bingle an another(prenominal). He based his theory on the natural emotional connections with the family. He continued to build upon it as time went on. After Bowen there were several other theorists who utilize Bowens theory as a base, and built off of it.Bowen created his theory based on eight major thoughts. They are as follows Differentiation of Self, nuclear Family Emotional System, Triangles, Family Projection Process, Multigenerational Transmission Process, Emotional Cutoff, Sibling Position, Societal Emotional Process. The core fantasy in Bowenian theory is Differentation of Self, this says that the more developed some unmatchables self is that less impact society and others will have on them. The radical building blocks of a self are inborn, but an individuals family kinships during childhood and adolescence primarily determine how much self he develops (thebowencenter.com) This concept can be seen as a self-esteem issue. Bowen says that someone with a execrable backbone of self will quickly conform to others thought and opinions. While someone with a batten down sense of self is able to keep that secure thorough social influences. He created a scale that measured differentiating self it was measured 0-100. 0-25 were the deal with the lowest sense of self, these people liked to be commodious and did so with self-sacrifice. While people above 60 were rare, they had an thorough sense of self, and were free from societal emotional control and did not control others.The second concept is, Nuclear Family Emotional System which is based on four basic relationship patterns. marital conflict, dysfunction in one spouse, impairment in one or more children, and emotional distance. Marital conflict is caused by the externalizing of anxiety and emotions caused by family stress. Each spouse pr esents this in different ways but, the common looks entangle need for control, knit picking, and resistance to each other. Marital conflict can lead to a breakdown in the family system as well as a marriage. Secondly, dysfunction in one spouse is when one spouse triesto conform the other to think and act the way they do. The controlling spouse in this office over bears the other spouse making them act and think in ways they may otherwise not. This can lead to anxiety, stress, and possibly psychiatric or mental dysfunction. Thirdly, impairment in one or more children, can cause excessive attention to the impaired child, causing them to act away and internalize family tension more then the other children, because they feel like the spotlight is on them.The last relationship pattern is emotional distance. This is a basic pattern seen when the relationships within the family become to intense and people start to distance themselves to lessen the intensity of the relationship. The t hird concept is Triangles, which are a single relationship with three people involved. Triangles can be great when there is no tension, but can cause a break down in the family system when tension is present. Triangles in tension situations, have insiders and outsiders. The outsiders are essay to get in and the insiders are trying to get out. An example I found of this was a child whose parents were focusing on what was wrong with his so much that he started to rebel. He felt under so much pressure that he was trying to get outside the triangle to relieve some of the pressure. Triangles play an important role in family systems as well as in therapy.The fourth Bowenian concept is, Family projection butt which is the process of the parents transmitting there emotional problems to the child. The projection process follows three steps. (1) the parent focuses on a child out of misgiving that something is wrong with the child (2) the parent interprets the childs behavior as confirming the fear and (3) the parent treats the child as if something is really wrong with the child. (thebowencenter.com) This process can cause the child to feel insecure when attention is not focused on them. There are so many different situation that fall under this projection umbrella. An example could be, a mother feels depressed therefore, she feels the child is depressed and treats the child accordingly. This can also be seen in extreme cases where a mother favors a certain child, and the father sees the child-mother combination as one unit and take his anger towards the mother out on the child. The fifth concept is, Multigenerational transmission process which says how small differences in the levels of differentiation between parents and their offspring lead over many generations to marked differences in differentiation among themembers of a multigenerational family. (Schara, Blog 2013) Bowen feels that the way people react to situations and relationships is based on a multigenera tional transmission of behaviors and emotions. The sixth concept, Emotional crosscut, is simple. Simply speaking people emotionally cutoff other family members instead of resolving the conflicts within the relationship/s. The seventh concept, Sibling position, says that your birth order effects the way you view the world. Oldest sibs lead to be leaders, where youngest siblings tend to be followers. This isnt always true because can be effected by parental emotions and behaviors. Bowen used psychologist Walter Tomans research to dish out him form his theory on sibling position.Examples used if an oldest sibling is focused on by the parents growing up, then they may not be able to take lead or make their own decisions. This leaves the leadership role to the younger sibling therefore, putting them in the oldest leadership type role. Where people are in sibling position can effect their marriage, their parenting skills, and of course the family dynamics. The last concept in Bowenia n theory is, societal emotional process. This concept tells us how the emotional system controls behavior on a societal level. This is similar to that within a family system, which can be progressive or regressive. Societies go through progressions and regressions constantly. If a society is red ink through a progression, or regression, it can effect the entire society including all of the major branches and boiling down into the individual family systems. All of these major concepts in Bowenian theory are based on the emotions and behaviors of each individual and their effects on the family system. Bowen was a big believer in the family being seen as one cohesive unit and working towards homeostasis. The basic techniques used in Family systems theory are detriangulation, nonanxious presence, genograms, coaching, reframing, power differential, and the purser-distancer concept.All of these techniques are used to reach the common object of homeostasis within the family system. In re gards to Detriangualtion, this is when a therapist breaks up a triangular relationship between three people in the family. By having one psyche within the triangle take a stand on an issue, that is not agreed upon by the other two people in the triangle. Therefore, creating a sense of self within that one person and breaking the give and take relationship in the le. In Bowenian family therapy, it is argued that aconflict between two people will resolve itself in the presence of a third person who can avoid emotional participation with either while relating actively to both. (Bowen 1978) As a Bowenion therapist you must take on the role of the non-anxious presence. This is when a therapist keeps a sense of calm throughout the session regardless of the circumstances. A non-anxious presence can bring peace to the family involved and help them to turn out up in session. An anxious therapist can inflict unneeded booby hatch and stress for obvious reasons. A building block tool used in the Bowen Family Systems therapy is a genogram. When the family comes in for intake, most therapists will create a genogram.This is a multigenerational map of the family that documents mental illness, substance abuse, medical issues, relationships, and some events tied to specific family members. A genogram can give the therapist a sense of what they need to insure within the family system. Family Systems theory uses coaching as a way to help the families through tough times, and provides them with tools to succeed as a family unit. Coaching can help by giving families a way to understand each others interworkings and hopefully see each other through clearer light. The goal of coaching a family would be to establish a stronger sense of self while strengthening the family system. Reframing takes place when the family needs to change the way they look at each other or the unit as a whole.Reframing a relationship takes hard work but can bring almost peace and reduce tension within t he family. In order to reframe a relationship or many the therapist must reinterpret a families situation to make them more open to solution. Reframing is a type of communication that can help family members better understand the concerns and intentions behind the misconstrued words. (Jeanty, Jacqueline) An example of reframing, is a child who is constantly badgering their mother about quitting smoking. Once the situation is reframed it is easier to see that the child is scared and cares deeply about the mothers health, which is why they continued to badger. Power Differential,

Nurture Influence Early Human Development

Early human development is a very of the essence(predicate) process in implicating the chain of infants future. Therefore, there are two most important process first integrity is Nature i. e. Heredity and second one is Nurture i. e. Environment. For saying, the 17th century British Highbrow John Locke, the knowledge comes to handsomes who arrived in the newly world through their gumptions. The newborn infant are experience their brain as a Blank Slate, that drive out be changed and turn into any kind in future by Locke. Thats option for their experience on the way he/she hear, taste, identify, and sense.So I believe that human development is inherited, but it croupe be made more concise that forego upstairs plays most important role then nature. Therefore these essays outline the influences of nurture on early human development that means of training, family background, society and environmental factor. It can be argued that nature influence early human development. Accordi ng to Charis Darwin, he emphasised that human development is inherited and genetically program. Many researchers agree, but non only that nature and nurture playing important roles in human life.Than that they combine continuously to key development. Example The developments of every character such as poignant stpower appear to be manipulating to be like heredity and upbringing. In addition, some behaviourist such as Watson and Skinner are excessively believed that a newborn screw up can be qualified into any professional type it might be doctors, sport persons, and pilots etc. Regardless of his/her ability and talent. The motor development is based on a fill children metro born has goes through the same cycle at the different period in a life.The recent studies by (Dennis & Dennis and Gesell & Thompson) indicate that practice can be accelerating that appearance to their behaviour. For example The newborn baby learn to walk which is called as stepping reflex if we keep a babys f eet on the floor he/she will walk by placing one foot in front of the other. This is not really walking but its a step of learning. Where he/she can walk early in their life, by practice for a fewer minute every day during the first ten week they short. So they learn early than other babies who had not practice.Therefore learning, training or experience plays an important role in the early human development. The other influences are the family and society where they live and brought up in their life. The children who are living in a family or society which has a good education system. Where child gets proper care and batter livelihood and seem to be learn & speak early. The newborn baby can as well differentiate between the similar. Such as the tones this is analogous meaning (Bridger 1961). He say that the noise that infant have the sense of hearing from there foreigner language beginning their family.For example A baby after one or two months can notify the difference of opinion between parallel sounds such as pa and ba. So one year child will picked up in enough education about verbal communication. That it will have also begun to Screen out sound it does not use (kuhl et al. , 1992). The latter is the environmental measures to be strong-minded in the untimely human expansion. The personal characteristics are determined by the genetic structure of the work. Take it as parents genes, so that the infant can grow that skin, eyes, hair and general body size could be also same.This genetic outcome is expressed in development through the process of corporal or mental progression changes. For example the developing infants develop within the mothers body. During pregnancy, such as an infant turn around and kick which also follows depend on the growth. In other hand, the environment is serious or else abnormal in some other hand, than the processes can be disrupted. Thats like, if the fetus causes a problem during the first eight months at the pregnancy. The inf ant may be born. Their eyes are blind, deft or brain damaged. Its depending on the stage of development at the time of infection.The other physical factors such as consumption of drugs and alcohol can be affecting the fetus. These are the environmental factors that will be affected the early human development. In conclusion, nurture and nature influence early human development. That children can became kind of adult by receiving proper care, training and experience. It is also depend upon the family and society in the way to speak and learn. And at the last the environment factors that effect by mentally and physically in early life of newborn baby. So this essay outline the nurture strongly influence early human development.

Gambling research essay Essay

Gambling refers to the work of any game where there is capital, or any(prenominal)thing of value at stake. There are umpteen different forms of free rein including ply races, lotteries, casinos, scratch cards, stock market betting, and compensate more(prenominal) recently net profit gambling. Although these games are meant for recreational use, the thrill of gambling causes some mickle to hold up so involved in it that they be hump dependent on gambling. The personal effects of gambling rat cause damage psychologically, be very harmful to ones social life and nates buoy also cause many physical damages.Gambling dependance and diseased gambling is non always seen as formidable as other addictions like substance abuse moreover it john in fact be a very damaging addiction to many aspects of life and should be considered a major health fuss. Not everyone who gambles has a gambling addiction or even has the capability of world addicted to gambling. The majority of hatful who gamble do non have an addiction and simply do it for recreational purposes. But there is a small percentage of people who gamble who are considered problem gamblers or diseased gamblers.Pathological gamblers is described as, Pathological gambling is characterized by chronic and irresistible impulses to gamble, with consequent gambling compromises and disruptions to family, own(prenominal) and vocational pursuits. (Coman, Burrows & Evans, 1997) This addiction causes the gambler to gamble very frequently, often times they will begin to profess bigger and bigger bets and receiving feelings of anxiety or impression when they are not gambling.Pathological gambling git also include gambling to recover losses from previous gambling episodes, lying to family members to try and mask their habits, committing criminal acts to obtain money for gambling and relying on others to provide money to relieve them from their financial website. This is a very serious addiction and s hould be considered a major health problem because it can negatively affect many serious aspects of an individuals life. There are many different influences and gateways that can lead to gambling and even a gambling addiction.Although things like scratch cards may not calculate like much of a threat to becoming an addiction, they can intrigue the thought of winning money purely by chance which is a dangerous mindset to have. Another factor that can lead to a gambling addiction is the link between the proximity from the casino and gambling participation. Living reason out to a casino causes much more approachability and can add to the possibility of gaining an addiction, additional gambling opportunities due to the presence of a casino increase the prevalence of gambling-related problems for people who live close to a casino, as compared with people who live far from one.(Sevigny, Ladouceur, Jacques & Cantinotti, 2008)People who live closer to the casino are much more likely to j ust drop by and play a few hands rather than people who live farther and have to make an evening of it. Accessibility can have a large impact on gaining an addiction to gambling. Also, the recent popularity of poker has a huge impact on the view of gambling for younger people. Poker has become very popular in our society today and is televised quite frequently showing these players not yet making a living from this game of chance, besides becoming millionaires.Some of these players are seen as celebrities who can cause some younger audiences to look up to them and strive to be like them. These aspects do not directly lead to a gambling problem but they can definitely help lead to one. Technology has become a large conducive factor to problem gambling. As stated earlier, accessibility can have a large impact on gaining an addiction to gambling and the technology of internet has brought accessibility of gambling to a whole new level.Gambling over the internet should be a major conce rn because the increase in gambling opportunities gives the potential for an increase in problem gamblers. Research evidence in other countries has clearly shown that where accessibility of gambling is increased there is an increase not only in the number of regular gamblers but also an increase in the number of problem gamblers. (Griffiths, 1999) Internet gambling websites has dramatically increased this accessibility which will in turn increase the number of people gambling.Not everyone is susceptible to becoming a problem gambler, but the more people gambling, the more people who have the chance of becoming addicted. The popularity of internet gambling is on the rise with its easy accessibility and quickness. This popularity itself cannot lead to a gambling addiction but a number of the more popular poker players on television often promote different gambling websites where anyone of any age can play poker online. The websites allow someone to play in tournaments, play with frie nds and play with fake money or even real money.They are very benevolent to people of all ages and easily accessible all the time which makes them a threat to contributing to problem gamblers and youth gambling. When someone suffers from problem gambling, it is not only that individual that is affected but their family, friends and community as well. There can be some autocratic aspects of gambling in terms of the social effects of gambling. Gambling can be seen as a recreation, a break from their problems of everyday life and a nice night out. Yet these positive effects only exist if gambling is done in moderation.Once gambling becomes a habit and a necessity is where the negative impacts arrive. Often, its those close to the pathological gambler that suffer the most. Constant gambling takes time away from family, friends and other activities. If gambling becomes a problem, it can cause loss of trust between individuals and family members which can lead to family related problems and even divorce. Generally, the social problems begin with borrowing of money to aliment their addiction. At this point, many friends and family may lose touch with the gambler.Being distanced from those who are closest can cause desperation which may lead to criminal activity. Pathological gambling can become so severe that they can go back to criminal activity in a last effort to support their financial needs. People are more likely to commit crime without intellection of the consequences when they are in a desperation mindset which is what can happen after a big loss due to gambling. Supporters for the spread of legalized gambling make claims about economic growth and more jobs but opponents have a strong case saying, various forms of street crimes, such as robberies and automobile thefts, come with gambling, as well as problems with connections to organized crime The majority of Wisconsin problem gamblers in treatment that were interviewed in Thompson et al. (1999) admitted to crimes as a result of their gambling activity, in the beginning property crimes. (Gazel, Rickman & Thompson, 2001) Pathological gamblers reach a point where there are no options left so they have to resort to illegal means to support themselves displaying the severity and control that a gambling addiction can have.Having a gambling addiction does not just affect someone economically or socially but it can deeply affect them psychologically. Once a pathological gambler is down money, they will make bets to try and regain that money that they have lost. Instead of cutting their losses, they get deeper into debt, preoccupying themselves with gambling, determined to win big to repay their loans and solve all their problems (Griffiths, 2001). A very dangerous way of opinion is the what if I win mentality.This way of thinking is especially dangerous because then they are more prone to make bigger bets with money they may not have to lose so they can receive bigger rewards. A large factor for whether someone develops this addiction has a lot to do with their personality. The flake of personality someone has can have on whether or not someone develops a gambling addiction or not. Gambling is characterized by an unreal optimism by the gambler (Griffiths, 2001).For the most part people believe that optimism is a good way to live life by always seeing the positive things instead of dwelling on the negatives. Optimists are cognize to be less likely to suffer from depression symptoms following a stressful event and seem to have more psychological benefits when compared to pessimists. Although in terms of gambling, optimism can be counterproductive, Optimists may be especially susceptible to maintaining illusory gambling expectations. Because of their generalized expectations for success, optimists may approach gambling with the belief that they can win. (Gibson & Sanbonmatsu, 2004) Optimists may also have a tendency to look at the positive aspects in a situation which may prolong their gambling thinking that they will win it all back. Also, people who are risk takers are more prone to gambling addiction than someone who is more conservative. Not everyone is susceptible to becoming a pathological gambler and a great deal of the matter has to do with their personality reference and how they look at different negative situations. Having a gambling addiction not only affects ones social life but it can have a great impact on your mind and even cause physical difficulties.Pathological gamblers often suffer from stress-related disorders such as depression, insomnia, intestinal disorders and migraines. wellness problems do not only occur from the gambling itself but a significant amount of people suffer problems from the withdrawal, Rosenthal and Lesieur (1992) found that at least(prenominal) 65 percent of pathological gamblers reported at least one physical side-effect during withdrawal including insomnia, headaches, upset stomach, loss of app etite, physical weakness, heart racing, muscle aches, brisk difficulty and/or chills. (Griffiths, 2001) It was also found that pathological gamblers experienced more physical withdrawal effects when attempting to stop than substance abusers who are attempting to quit. This is quite astounding and again proves why gambling addiction is a very serious matter and should be considered just as much of a health problem as addiction to alcohol or other substances. Pathological gambling can cause great psychological damage and can cause people to do irrational things after a big loss which can sometimes even lead to suicide.Pathological gambling and suicide have been known to have a link to each other. Suicidal attempts among pathological gamblers are much more frequent than among the general public. The American Psychiatric Association did a study that with these results, Of individuals in treatment for Pathological Gambling, 20% are reported to have attempted suicide, (American Psychiat ric Association (APA)) (Penfold, Hatcher, Sullivan & Collins, 2006) For many gamblers, coping with the negative emotions relating to their issues in their life can be overwhelming.Feelings of shame, hopelessness and failure may be hard to bear which sometimes makes suicide seem like the best ascendant for their problems. The damage to the mental aspects is one of the reasons that make pathological gambling so dangerous. The act of gambling and casinos is a very controversial topic. There are some positive aspects to the casino and gambling that include a source of jobs and economic development. Gambling is meant to be for recreational use on occasion but it can also be very dangerous. Certain people with certain personality types and lifestyles may be prone to becoming a pathological gambler.The effects of pathological gambling can cause a lot of harm psychologically, destroy someones social and family life, cause physical damage to themselves which can even lead to their death. Ga mbling addiction may not be seen as dangerous or likely to happen as other addictions but the results from being a pathological gambler can be just as harmful as other addictions and should be considered just as much as a serious health issue as everything else.References Griffiths, M. (1999). Gambling Technologies Prospects for Problem Gambling. Journal of Gambling Studies, vol.15, no. 3, p. 265-283. Griffiths, M. (2001). Gambling An Emerging Area of Concern for Health Psychologists. Journal of Psychology, vol. 6, no. 5, p. 477-479. Gibson, B. , & Sanbonmatsu, D. (2004). Optimism, Pessimism, and Gambling The Downside of Optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 149-160. Coman, J. , Burrows, G. , & Evans, B. (1997). accentuate and Anxiety as Factors in the Onset of Problem Gambling Implications for Treatment. Stress Medicine, Vol. 13, no. 4, p. 235-244. Sevigny, S. , Ladouceur, R. , Jacques, C. , & Cantinotti, M.(2008). Links between Casino Proximity and Gambling Participation, Expenditure, and Pathology. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, vol. 22, no. 2, p. 295-301. Penfold, A. , Hatcher, S. , Sullivan, S. , & Collins, N. (2006) Gambling Problems and Attempted Suicide. Part 1. High Prevalence amongst infirmary Admissions. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 265-272. Gazel, R. , Rickman, D. , & Thompson, W. (2001) Casino Gambling and Crime a Panel Study of Wisconsin Counties. Managerial and Decision Economics, vol. 22, no. 1-3, p. 65-75.

Paleozoic Era in the geology of Indiana Essay

Paleozoic Era means time of ancient life. It is estimated to have occurred somewhere around 544 and 245 million years ago. During this time result, the Paleozoic era, there was a great increase in variety and development of life. Animal fauna were abundant during the Paleozoic era. It is a time when various types and forms of plants and animals flourished and became diverse and plentiful. Many with hard shells and exoskeletons appeared. As a result more organisms organise into fossils which left trail of history behind for scientists to study.This era is very important in that is entails an explosion of animal growth in which nearly all told living animals appeared and then at the end of the Paleozoic era, during the Permian step in era, suddenly a the great unwashed extinction wiped out nearly 90% of all living matter. Much research continues into the reasons why these two extreme situations occurred. (Palmer and Geismann Nov 2002) Subdivisions of the Paleozoic era are in ord er of time period most recent to oldest, Permian is also referred to as the age of dinosaurs and Pangea.Pangea was the name when the humankind was considered a supercontinent. The majority of the p later(a)s had bunched together and had just genius ocean. The grease was relatively dry and had few glaciers. Next came the sub-era, Carboniferous Pennsylvanian (high carboniferous) and Mississippian (lower carboniferous) depicted mostly by the large coal deposits in the firmament of modern daylight Pennsylvania with many coal swamps which then spread towards the Mississippi river and became more limestone.The stratigraphy (the study of strata or layers) of the two areas is quite different as a result. This area today called Indiana is in the upper Mississippi River valley. It was mostly made up of Limestone and since sea covered much of the continent at this time, there was a large marine population. Many remnants left over were lime marked by green algae and calcium carbonate whic h has been eroded and formed by waves and sea water. Then came the Devonian sub era, in which small plants began to appear in the beginning and by the end large trees emerged.Also, tetra pods (considered the first vertebrates to exist on earth) or vertebrates began to inhabit the land. Arthropods (an invertebrate having an exoskeleton, segmented body and jointed appendages), insects and arachnids (eight legged and jointed invertebrate animals in the subphylum Chelicerata) also came about during the Devonian time period. Echinoderms (creature with a limited anxious system) and a wide variety of fish also became plentiful. The Silurian era was marked by great changes in the physical makeup of the earth.The basic climates over the earth stabilized and glaciers and their formations melted and the seas levels rose. As a result, the fish population grew by leaps and bounds. Corals reefs developed and marine life continued to thrive. Freshwater varieties and fish with jaws occurred for th e first time. The Ordovician sub era was a period during the Paleozoic era when much of the northern hemisphere as mostly underwater and a large land mass was in the south called Gondwana. The land was moist and had migrated close to the South Pole.It is known for its marine invertebrates and limited plants on land. Glaciers ultimately formed and much of the land froze and formed glaciers. This ended with mass extinction of 60% of marine life. The Cambrian era was considered the explosion where a grand diversity of life on earth boomed all of a sudden. Various types of rock were formed during the Paleozoic era. The earth was six large land masses at this time. Modern day continents were relocated and change integrity later on. Therefore different rocks and formations existed.Limestone and coal are two examples of rock formed during the Paleozoic era. Sedimentary and Cambrian rock and fossils dating back to the Paleozoic era can be found in the state of Indiana. It was close to the equator during the Pangea and lay in a shallow sea of water. Later as the land changed, sand from the Acadian Mountains washed over the rocks and land in the sea. Mollusks, Crinoids, bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves, which are two half shelled filter-feeders, gastropods (snails) and trace fossils can be found as remnants of that time period in the state.Much of the large amounts of plants from the delta are where the large amount of coal originated from. Plants included ferns, seed ferns, moss and many types of swamp plants which also contributed to the large deposits of coal. Plant fossils from the late Paleozoic era include Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, Calamites, Pecopteris, Annularia and Asterphyllities. (Polly, David 2007) Currently, Indiana is rich in limestone, aggregates (crushed limestone dolomite, sand and gravel), aglime (agricultural lime) and other minerals and rock forms.It also has siliciclastic (made from broken pieces of silica rocks) and carbonate rocks (s edimentary rocks made up of mostly carbonate minerals) and coal. These rocks have all evolved from the Paleozoic era through the rock cycle of erosion, deposition, temperature and pressure. Older rocks are altered and become slightly different and newer younger versions.Lingulella 2003 Milwaukee Public Museum Works Cited Collins, Allen (1994) last updated in 1999 The Paleozoic Era Web Geological Time Machine Accessed on May 31, 2010 Polly, David (2007) Historical Geology Paleozoic Fossils II Accessed on May 31, 2010 Freebee, M. J. (2002) Paleobiology The Early Paleozoic Accessed on June1, 2010 UCMP The Paleontology Portal Indiana, U. S. Accessed on May 31, 2010

Analysis of the Credit Card Industry in Turkey Essay

The current Turkish government is very pro western and secular, merely its divided religious loyalties, issues surrounding Greek reign rights and fundamentalist groups threaten the expected 5 year stability of this administration. Government involvement in banking The Turkish Government has a history of involvement in banking affairs which is of concern to international targetors. The Turkish state owns and finances a number of its banks and provides artificial stability to the banking system through state funded initiatives. The Government has similarly tailored wages in line with inflation rates e. g. minimum wages rates. With recent IMF intervention the long term plan for washout is relieve not absolutely clear. EU Membership The Turkish Government is pro EU membership and this is emfly the biggest paradigm shift on the horizon for duds pecuniary system, this factor is further dealt with as a key driver. Economic Interest Rates Low interest rates in dud fuel loan take-up and put one across ca utilise increase in credit mental capacity issue. Historically higher interest rates led to more far-flung loan default and meant that less switching occurred as consumers were tied to provider.Economic growth in turkey, with higher directs of middle and upper income, urban dwelling professionals and snap off main course to continuing breeding has undoubtedly increased credit card take-up. (This could also be construed as a social factor). Global financial crisis The effect of the global financial crisis leave have a major effect on banking restrictions to lending and credit availability in jokester. Turkeys merchandise commercializes will be likely affected by the ongoing crisis which has a major effect on GDP which in turn affects spending situation. societal Higher standard of livingHigher standards of living among consumers have a beneficial knock on effect for credit separate issuers. In Turkey 7. 5% of GDP is invested back into educatio n thus consumers be more financial savvy. Urban/Rural Divide Urban dwellers have a more higher likelihood of credit card use given their potential for access of issue and probability of a regular wage earning role. As the deliverance develops Turks are increasingly moving off the land from poorly paying seasonal work to the cities that offer a better chance of regular income and own(prenominal) development. Technology E CommerceWorth in excess of 2 billion euro to the economy and with 16 million slew accessing the internet E-Commerce is a enormous growth area and potential distribution channel for the credit card industry. It is also a medium for information driven purchasing through advertizement potential and its access is furthered through telephone technology integration. SMART Cards The security afforded to the credit card industry through use of SMART card game has a beneficial affect on usage through 1. Increased level of merchants accepting the facility 2. Security for use in Internet Cafes (here heavy(p) numbers racket access the internet) 3.Security of answer has amaze a battleground for competition among issuers Coupled with the above technologies, the explosion in EPOS facilities mean more access to products and services through credit card use, homogenising the myriad of potential transactions and benefiting both consumer and merchant. ATMs also have further facilities to levy the benefits of using plastic such as bill pay, mobile kiosks and so forth Legal Intervention of Government/Key official Institutions There have been general changes in the law in Turkey affecting the credit card industry such as 1. Restriction on credit card limits . Illegality of fixing terms without informing consumer 3. Increases in minimum payment required 4. The Central Banks lowering of the interest rate cap 5. Loosening of the frameworks approximately mergers and acquisitions All of these interventions alter the attractiveness of the securities ind ustry for the credit card industry, which was historically fraught with lack of regulation and anti-consumer practises. Identify the 4 KEY DRIVERS FACING THE identification CARD SECTOR 1. Technological Advances 2. State Intervention in Financial Affairs 3. EU membership 4. Rural-Urban Migration Technological AdvancesThe rapidly advancing technology in the field of mobile payment will have a lasting effect on the credit card industry. Companies that can stay ahead of the plot of ground with new technologies in security, risk management and will be best placed to benefit from increased A physical credit card is sincerely only a vehicle to hold a magnetic strip containing coded information. In terms of technology this is already quite dated Already systems are designed to swipe a card on a merchants mobile phone, this will allow for a myriad of services which will no longer require cash transaction e. g. street traders. Advances in retina scanning technology are also at an advanced level and it is envisaged that the approaching of mobile payments may be through facial recognition or retina scanning. Other technology such as what is used in The Baja Beach bon ton in Barcelona where they inject a rice-size VeriChip RFID device into the wrist or upper arm of its patrons whom pay by swiping their arm adapted from http//www. creditcards. com/credit-card-news/credit-cards-of-the-distant-future State Intervention The level of further state intervention in Turkeys financial affairs will be a key driver in Turkeys future credit card success or decline.As we have seen, moves by the government to regulate the industry have impacted on the potential earnings of the banks through lowering interest rates. In turn this type of regulation has stabilised the markets and led to economic growth which impacts positively on numbers of consumers available to the sector. Whether the current Republican Democracy in Turkey will be in power going forward is obviously of immensity to this argument. With elections due in 2011 the future of state intervention in banking affairs is unclear. EU MembershipTurkey becoming a full member of the EU will be another key driver in the credit card industry. EU entry will mean the freeing of trade and access to a further 500 million consumers. It is most likely that Turkey would be a more attractive market for global companies, of interest here, financial organisations who would be attracted by the large numbers of unbanked consumers and those who see Turkey strategically as the gateway to Eastern markets. The credit card market would likely become much more competitive with new entrants who would most likely look to merge with/acquire existing indigenous banks.Rural-Urban Migration According to the case study the bulk of people in the rural areas of Turkey tend not to be credit card users. As the economy improves larger numbers of rural people (especially male) will likely move towards the larger urban centres to partici pate in the industrial or service sectors. This in turn leads to greater numbers with the potential to use credit cards, in turn offering greater numbers of potential consumers to the sector. SECTION 2 Porters 5 Forces 2. Use the five forces framework to recognise the forces affecting the Turkish credit card sector a.Graphically illustrate the five forces (see overleaf) b. Draw conclusions from the 5 forces analysis to explain 1. How attractive the sector is I consider the Turkish credit card sector to be an attractive market for a large multinational e. g. BNP or Barclays to enter. From my analysis I have concluded that consumers are fragmented and suppliers are concentrated. Rivalry is high, yet only among 4 suppliers, considering rivalry in an industry such as haulage this moldiness be considered attractive. Capital requirements of entry are high, but not on the scale of industries such as mining might be.Economies of scale and experience exist, however for companies already in credit card markets in other countries by no means insurmountable. The threat of substitutes is relatively low as the credit card holds a relatively niche position. Product differentiation/loyalty is low among existing consumers good offers would attract new business, as would strong internet presence. Turkey has 40 percent of people who are bankable based on their socio-economic status and age in Turkey are still unbanked, having no accounts with whatever banks in Turkey (www. mckinsey. om/clientservice/ /Credit_Cards_in_Turkey. ashx) This data identifies a large section of the Turkish population who are potential consumers for a new entrant therefore the market could potentially grow significantly for all players involved. 2. How the competitive forces are changing/may change The competitive forces are currently changing most notably in areas such as consumer access to information. More widespread access and use of the internet will drive further competition in the market throu gh portals such as comparison websites, industry reviews etc.This will ultimately increase bargaining power of consumers, leading to decreased profits for suppliers. EU memory access would alter the competitive forces among the major players currently in the sector. Interest rates set by the ECB, participation in the single currency etc. would have a significant impact on the state financed banking institutions and would alter their relevance. One would suspect that in a free market system the Turkish government would relish the opportunity of divesting the burden to international organisations to increase competition.With increased market stability and better financial education, consumers use of substitutes may execute to less expensive forms of credit such as personal loans. Coupled with better economic conditions consumers use of debit cards may also increase given that currently lower income workers struggle to maintain a balance sufficient to cover their living costs. 3. How the sector may change to debate changing forces The credit card sector can move more of its marketing budget toward E-Marketing and target new and younger consumers through this medium.MBNA have used this marketing channel very successfully in the past. In order to combat increased uptake of personal loans and increased use of debit cards the credit card sector may look at collective lower interest rates, better offers through loyalty bonuses and customer kickbacks and better education of its customers as to how to better use their credit cards. In order for the credit card sector to prepare for increased competition post EU accession it may look to further differentiate its offerings to appeal to the Turkish people e. g. align the credit offering with cultural values or emotions.It might be necessary to offer further services aligned to credit cards such as life insurance to augment and differentiate the offering. 3. Scenario Planning Scenario 1 Renewed Political/Terrorist Violen ce in Turkey In recent years, terrorist bombings some with significant numbers of casualties -have struck religious, political, and business targets in a medley of locations in Turkey. The potential remains throughout Turkey for violence and terrorist actions both by transnational and indigenous terrorist organizations such as PKK, . Revolutionary Peoples Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C) and AlQaida. Adapted from http//www. eubusiness. com/atomic number 63/turkey/invest) Given Turkeys increasing dependence on foreign direct enthronization a return to more concerted campaign of political violence would spell disaster for the credit card industry. Large financial corporations, especially US owned would be deterred from entering the market, or potentially pull out of the market thus decimating competition. Access to sources of international credit and lending would dry up therefore affecting consumers ability to purchase products and services on credit.Turkeys export market would pot entially be destroyed as Western nations would deter from transacting in case monies were being skimmed to fund further terrorist activity. This would further lower the GDP of the country affecting the spending power of consumers in turn negating the need for credit cards. Further knock on effectuate of violence include the loss of capital Governments have available to invest in its economy, on education and infrastructure. Government capital would have to be spent on further military and security projects.The tourism industry, a massive earner for Turkey would be decimated as travelers would fear the threat of violence. The black market economy would thrive under such conditions and regular banking functions would significantly land up with many consumers using cash/barter systems of attaining needs. With respect to the Credit card sector, this scenario would be highly detrimental to its future, as consumer confidence in the financial service sector would be decimated. The secto r would have to pour vast resources into transaction security and marketing the brand safety and correct usage policies to consumers.Default numbers would likely increase due to instability and escalating interest rates. Scenario 2 Turkey Gains Full EU Membership The EU is committed to supporting Turkey in its path for membership. The initial objective of EU financial support towards Turkey was the extension of an area of peace, stability and prosperity within and beyond Europe. Once the yoke accepted Turkey as a candidate, financial assistance began to focus on supporting Turkey in its preparation for EU membership http//www. eubusiness. com/europe/turkey/funding A study on the EU (http//europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. o) reported the following economic benefits of a country joining the EU 1. An average of 2. 15% increase in GDP 2.Exchange rates for Turks travelling through Europe would be eliminated, as would the potential damaging effects exchange rate swings have on Turki sh exports. I would assume that the credit card sector would become significantly more competitive in the light of EU membership therefore the sector would have to increase its marketing and branding spend, but would have a larger pool of consumers to accept from.

Agriculture Industry Linkages in the Economy of Jammu and Kashmir Essay

Agriculture plays an important role in contributing to socio-economic evolution in many countries. It is the primary source for workplace, livelihood, and food security for the majority of hobnailed people. The success of this continuation depends largely on the direct impact it has on the national economy as well as how the agricultural welkin stimulates the proceeds of different sectors in the economy. Consequently, understanding the role of market-gardening and its linkages to the rest of the economy is important. The inter-relationship among cultivation and effort has been a long debated issue in the development literature. In the Indian context the issue has acquired interest since industrial stagnation in the mid 1960s.Over the years the Indian economy has undergone a geomorphologic change in its sectoral composition from a primary agro-based economy during the 1970s, the economy has emerged as predominant in industry. This has triggered an interest in readdressing t he analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages amidst the two sectors the service sector since the 1990s. This structural changes and the uneven pattern of harvest-home of horticulture, industry and service sector economy in the post reforms cessation is likely to appear substantial changes in the production and demand linkages among various the economy. At the same time the evolution integration with the rest of the world in the post-reform period (post 1991 period) and the recent spurt of service sector led growth are also likely to have prodigious impact on the linkages among the agriculture and industry.This has triggered an interest in read dressing the analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages between the two sectors. That agriculture and industry being integral component of development move due to their mutual interdependence and symbiotic relationship, the contribution of agriculture to the economy in general and to industry in partic ular is well known in almost all the developing countries. However, the degree of interdependence may vary and also change over time. In the theory and empirical literature, the inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been discussed from different channels. First, agriculture supplies food grains to industry to facilitate absorption of labour in the industry sector.Secondly, agriculture supplies the inputs like raw cotton, jute, tea, coffee etc. needed by the agro-based industries. Thirdly, industry supplies industrial inputs, such as fertilizer, pesticides, machinery etc. to the agriculture sector. Fourthly, agriculture influences the output of industrial consumer goods through demand. Fifthly, agriculture generates intemperancees of savings, which can be mobilized for investment in industry, and other sectors of the economy. Sixthly, fluctuations in agricultural production may affect private corporate investment decisions through the impact of the damage of busin ess deal on profitability, whereas some of these channels emphasize the agriculture-industry linkage on the supply location or production side, others stress the linkages through the demand side.The production linkages fundamentally arise from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting the needs of their productive inputs, whereas the demand linkage arises from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting final consumption. Further, the linkages between the two sectors can also be categorized into two groups based on the direction of interdependence. One is the backward linkage, which identifies how a sector depends on others for their input supplies and the other is the forward linkage, which identifies how the sector distributes its outputs to the remain economy. More importantly, these two linkages can indicate a sectors economic pull and push, because the direction and take aim of such linkages present the potential condenser of each sector to stimulate other sectors a nd then reflect the role of this sector accordingly.As far as Jammu and Kashmir is concerned Agriculture is the predominant sector of the economy. Directly and indirectly, it supports about 80 per cent of the population besides contributing n ahead of time 60 per cent of the state revenue, which adequately explains the over-dependency of the population on agriculture. The general economic growth of the state depends largely on the progress of the agricultural sector, the development of which becomes even more important in the context of the very titular progress it has made in the secondary sectors. With the introduction of planned development in the state during 1951-56, production of foodgrains and fruits has increased considerably.During 1998-99, the state produced 15.50 lakh quintals of food grains against 4.53 lakh quintal in 1950-51. Of this, Kashmir region contributed 27.20 per cent, Jammu region 72.14 per cent and Ladakh and Kargil region 0.66 per cent Industries play a vital role in the development of an economy. In this necessitate unfortunately, J&K has not been able to attract investments in industries and remained as an industrially backward state. The state does not have a strong industrial base, because geographical location of the state is such that the setting up of large industries with a large Capital base is not feasible, besides adverse environsal consequences. Nevertheless, many small and medium-scale industries have come up basically in the traditional sectors along with areas like food handleing, agro-based units and metallic and non metallic products.Thus in such an sectoral environment were industrial sector has low opportunity, Agriculture provide basic linkages in its development . Thus the state of Jammu and Kashmir were main source of income is agriculture for masses of people, the linkages between Agriculture and Industry is very important to study in order to know the potential of Agriculture to develop an industrial envi ronment in the state. In mean while it is important to study the dependence of agriculture on industry, so that both sectors will flourish the development in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.The macroeconomic linkage between the agricultural sector and industrial growth has been one of the most widely investigated in the development literature. In the early stages, researchers paid great attention in studying the relationship between the agricultural and industrial sectors, and how these sectors were inter-related. They argued that agriculture only plays a passive role which is to be the most important source of resources (food, fiber, and raw material) for the development of industry and other nonagricultural sectors (Rosenstein-Rodan, 1943 Lewis, 1954 Ranis and Fei, 1961). Many of these analysts highlighted agriculture for its resource abundance, and its ability to transfer surpluses to the more important industrial sector.India being a predominantly agrarian economy and an agro-based industrial structure, the interrelationship between agriculture and industry has been one of the major issues for the researchers and policy makers since the beginning of the think period. In the pre and early post-independence period, the industry sector had a close relationship with agriculture due to the agro-based industrial structure (Satyasai and Baidyanathan, 1997). Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture was 0.13 during 1950-51 to 1965-66. Rangarajan (1982) has found that a 1.0 part growth in agricultural production increases industrial production by 0.5 percent, and thus, GDP by 0.7 percent during 1961-1972.However, the industrial sector witnessed a slow growth, stagnation since the mid 1960s, which was largely attributed to the stunnedagricultural growth and favourable agricultural TOT, among other factors (Patnaik, 1972 Nayyar, 1978 and Bhatla, 2003).10 In fact the interdependence between the two sectors has found to be weakened during the 1980s and 1990s (Bhattacharya and Mitra, 1989 Satyasai and Viswanathan, 1997). For instance, Bhattacharya and Rao (1986) have found that the partial output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has declined from 0.15 during 1951/52 1965/66 to 0.03 during 1966/67-1983/84. Contradictorily, Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has increased from 0.13 during 1950/51-1965/66 to 0.18 during 1966/671983/84, and then remained at the same level 0.18 during 1984/85-1996/97.The deteriorating linkages between agriculture and industry have been primarily credited to the deficiency in demand for agricultural products, decline in share of agro-based industries coupled with slow employment growth (Rangarajan, 1982 Bhattacharya and Rao, 1986 and Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 1995). Sastry et al. (2003), for the period 1981-82 to 1999-2000, found that the forward production linkage between agriculture and industry has declined, whereas backward production linkage has increased. They also found significant impact of agricultural output on industrial output, and that agricultures demand linkage to industry has declined, while that of from industry to agriculture has increased.Economic and political Weekly August 26, 1989 1963 wean agriculture and merely the set of industrial consumption goods like clothing, footwear, sugar and edible oils, it may be concluded that the overall intersectoral linkages appear quite modest. The early writers, for example Rosestein-Rodan (1943), Lewis (1954), Scitovosky (1954), Hirchman (1958), Jorgeson (1961), Fei and Ranis (1961) and others emphasized the role of agriculture only as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials and commodious labour supply to industry (Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and Vogel, 1994). The role of agriculture in the transformation of a developing economy was seen as ancillary to the central strategy of acce lerating the thou of industrialization (Vogel, 1994).Kalecki (1976) also pointed out the importance of investment and technological advances in agriculture for the rapid development of industry. The traditional literature on inter-sectoral linkages in the growth process generally emphasises the role of agriculture as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials to industry (supply-linkage on the one hand and as a provider of major output for in- dustrial goods (demand linkage) on the other Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and tertiary sector in a modern economy. Further, it may be noted that with growing mechanization of agriculture it becomes dependent on industry for basic inputs, like, fertiliser, power, pesticides, etc. Incidentally the agriculture-industry relationship becomes more complicated in this process. A slow growth of net availability of food- grains or alternatively the movement of inter-sectoral terms of trade in favor of the agricultural sector is believed to cause deceleration of the industrial sector.However, through empirical observation speaking there was no slow down in the growth of production of food- grains after the mid-sixties Ahluwalia 1985. Nor was there any fall in the marketed surplus of agriculture rhamarajakshi 1977 so as to be related to the industrial decelera- tion. But, so far as the agriculture vis--vis industry terms of trade is concerned, one en- counters a series of mixed evidence. Whe Thamarajakshi 1977, and Mitra 1977 visualised a favouralJe terms of trade for the agricultural sector during the mid-sixties andearly seventies, Khalon and lyagi 1983 obtained evidence that stand quite contrary to others view.Mundle 1977, however main- tains that in terms of intersectoral resource flow-of which terms of trade is just a single component-the industrial sector has been undergoing loss since the mid-sixties. Prior to that it was agriculture which was experiencing an outflow of resources. Rangarajan 1982a in his macro economet ric model makes an attempt to capture the demand linkage between agriculture and industry. He identifies a positive impact that agricultural output has on the demand for industrial consumption goods. The effect of foodgrain terms of trade on industrial products has been negative but elasticity is negligible. Both agricultural output and terms of trade had a positive influence on household saving and investment.Keeping in view such segmented impact of agriculture on industry zplaining the behaviour of indugtrial produc- tion purely in terms of agricultural performance .Bhattacharya and Rao 1986 emphasisesthe sluggishness that continued in the per-formance of industry even after the relative laxation of the wage goods constraint that occurred during the green revolution period. Thus, the theoretical literature in the agriculture-industry linkages has broadly highlighted the place of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, especially industry in the development process and contributi on of each in augmenting growth of output and employment. Most of the theoretical literature has largely focused only on one side of the agriculture-industry linkages i.e. any the supply side linkages or demand side linkages. However it is both the demand side and supply side linkages that work together in an inter-sectoral framework, which determines the interlinkages between the two sectors. In this respect Bhaduri (2003) and Bhaduri (2007) are two important contributions in the literature.Bhaduri (2003) extends Kaldors model by considering the role of the agricultural surplus from the supply side as well as the importance of the demand side effect for industrial goods. In this set up, both the sectors grow in tandem, reinforcing and reinvigorating each others growth impulse, by resolving each others potential realization problem (Jha, 2010). Further, Bhaduri et al. (2007) have extended the Kaldors model by contrasting between the supply side and demand side linkages of the two sectors from the TOT point of view. Thus there has been lot of researches, publication and models on the result Agriculture industry linkages in the economy given by many renowned economists, and peoples associated with this field. Everyone concluded that there is an unlimited linkage between two sectors which not only develop one other but also give birth to other sectors as well. Thus to conclude it can be tell that in an economy mostly there is a large number of linkages originated from a primary level and put economy to those sectors which keep it in the level of developed ones.

Answers Case of Abdala and Korman Essay

1. With whom do you agree here-Abdala or Korman?I dont agree with any of them because both do mistakes that created the situation.2. What mistakes do you think each party made?One of the mistakes made by both of them was the fact that both could not refrain from insulting matchless another. If one or the other would make simply been the bigger person and stopped responding, the situation may have not gotten out of hand. But if we pore on each of their mistakes firstly Abdalas Mistakes-She should have used any other channel of communication for delivering her decision to not accept the job twirl. For instance, she could have scheduled a day to go by and tell Korman in person. Personal face to face conversations make the world a lot easier and closes the entre for any misunderstandings.And if we looked into Kormans Mistakes-He could have accepted her offer in rejection respectfully instead of going as far insulting her and her method of delivery. What happened between he and Abd ala should have stayed between them. -Not having a job offer contract in writing for future credibility, which is basically the abc method in each job.3. Do think this exchange will damage Abdalas career? Kormans Firm? Yes, it will definitely damage her career because it is never a unsloped idea to burn bridges with people. Especially that Korman has his own firm and experience in prosecutions, Abdala may have ruined all of her chances at even having him be her counselor. And about Kormans firm, his unprofessionalism may gain him a reputation, but not as much damage will be done to his firm. If he is responding to offer rejections the way he did with Abdala, he could miss out on an opportunity to later hire4. What does this exchange tell you about the limitations of e-mail? Emailconversations in general are established way of communicating when used in business, so we can never mix a friendly email with formal business one or else there will be huge misunderstandings in the proce ss, the email limits us to be more professional while on the job(p) so it is beneficial if used in the right manner.

Geo 509 – Major Paper

Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyze and illustrate the geographical origins of eragrostis tef along with expand of its global dispersion. The common name of the crop in Ethiopia is tef. It was chosen for its cultural significance and its brilliance Background In Ethiopia, about 4. 9 million acres of land is devoted to its production every(prenominal) year. From 2003-2005 production statistics indicated that tef accounted for about 29% of the land and 20% of the gross atom production of all major texture cultivation in the country (National question Council).Eragrostis tef belongs to the grass family Poaceae, and is species of Eragrostis. It contains about 350 species and tef is the only cultivated cereal (Seyfu). Its name tef is originated from the Amharic word yate-tef-ah, which means, lost. Since the caryopsiss argon so small they are easily pose (Kloman). It is the worlds smallest pabulum shred and is as small as a iota of sand. It in any case has q uite similar traits to some other grains such as quinoa and millet. Tef assumes anywhere from 30 to 120 cm in height, with slim stems and long, narrow, smooth leaves.It is a loose or compact panicle. The really small grains are 1. 5 mm long, and there are about 2,700 seeds in a gram (Seyfu). The sic uses a century 4 photosynthesis, which uses light efficiently while having low moisture claims. This gives the plant the cleverness to stand advanced heat and bright lighting therefore able to harvest in any unpredictable or difficult climate. in any case the plants resistance to diseases, pests, and heavy soils and its inexpensive costs to raise and very wide awake to produce give it special appeal (Tadele).Tef tends to thrive under growing condition from elevations that range from lowland to as high as 2800 meters, and in various temperatures, soil, terrains and rain conditions ( non where there is too much rainfall though) (Seyfu). Varieties of Tef * Magna (white) tef Thi s type is grown in the cooler seasons and is slow maturing. It is superior for grain due to its higher demand in the market. But it is blander in taste compared to the darker types (Seyfu). * Sergegna (mix of white and brown), kay (red), and tiqur (black) tef This type is superior for fodder and is instant(prenominal) maturing.The darker the simulation the richer in flavor and nutrients (Seyfu). * Abolse tef An improved line of business being tested and studied currently in Ethiopia. It has shown mature results in early studies based upon its yield and baking quality. in that respect is no record of this new strain being distributed as of yet (Kloman). Due to its properties to survive and grow by means of harsh climates, Ethiopian farmers grow tef for either two purposes as a staple or as a standby product. When deep-seated as a staple, they grow it as their primary component in their trade or business.So it is commonly planted late and harvested well into the dry season. B ut as a standby, the farmers wait till their important crop such as corn whisky or wheat shows signs of failing. They then plant a faster maturing tef such as the red or brown tef as a backup source of food in case of disaster. What similarly makes tef very attractive is that it is a grain that contains no gluten, at to the lowest degree none of the type found in wheat (Ingram). For this reason people with severe allergies to wheat gluten or health enthusiasts are buying tef these days.Due to the seeds small size it makes it difficult to plant and prepare the fields. It is difficult to turn an even distribution of seeds and alike the wind or rain can bury the seeding before it has spouted. wherefore separating, inspecting and grinding such tiny seeds is very strenuous and time consuming. History Tef is common all everywhere Ethiopia and its major varieties were found only in that part of the world. Among with numerous other crops, the precise date and office for the domest ication of tef is unspecified.But, there is no uncertainty that it is actually an ageless crop, where domestication took place. It has been documented by whatever historians such as Ponti that tef has long been cultivated in Ethiopia for its grain from some time between 4000 BC and 1000 BC (Engels) Shaw disputed that tef must draw been domesticated before the introduction of wheat and barleycorn to Ethiopia or else the tef, would have never been cultivated. The use of tef was quite crucial for the Abyssinians, since the amount of tef seed required to plant were hundreds of times smaller than that of wheat (Ingram).This productive potential and minimal time and seed requirements have defend them from hunger when their food supply was under attack from numerous invaders in the past. It was reported by Unger in 1866 that tef seeds were also found in the Egyptian Pyramid of Dashur in 3359 BC (National Research Council). Dried tef stubbles were suggested to have been used in the makin g of mud bricks used in the Pyramid of Dashur as well (Seyfu). The nest guide wild relative to tef is generally considered to be eragrostis pilosa this species is recorded as an annual growing crazy weed from Eritrea and Northern regions of Ethiopia (Ingram).Vavilov has recognized Ethiopia as the center of origin and variety of tef (National Research Council). Due to the fact that several(prenominal) widespread and non-widespread species of eragrostis, some of which are considered the wild relatives of tef, are found in Ethiopia. Since the genetic diversity for tef does not exist anywhere else in the world except in Ethiopia, confirms that tef originated and was domesticated in Ethiopia. Production Areas of Ethiopia The regions of Shewa, Gojam, Gonder, Wello and Welega are the major tef-production areas (Seyfu). As can be seen in fig. these regions are concentrated in the central alpine areas of Ethiopia. These areas suffer from waterlogging and these other parts of the country s uffer from low moisture stress (Seyfu). The water logged soils of these regions calculate to be a unique environment for agriculture since there isnt any other grain that can be grown in this environment. Tef is grown in almost all regions of the country for scale consumption since it is the preferred grain. Local markets are also able to charge the highest price compared with other cereals, which is why farmers use it as their cash crop. on that point is going to be a map here) Global pass on James Bruce (1730-1794) was a travel writer and a traveller of Scottish decent. He travelled through Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia) in search of the foundation of the Nile River his discoveries were published in his 1768 book Discover the Source of The Nile. In his journeys he mentions of a grain called tef that was grounded and used in their diet as much, if not more than wheat. It is also said that Bruce had taken some grain back with him to a Botanic Garden in Florence, Italy.This led to the publication in 1775 of the first botanical description of the plant, which made tef known worldwide. But it would be The purplish Botanic Gardens, (Kew Gardens) located in the United Kingdom that wouldve been responsible for the distribution of tef seeds to various other botanic gardens in India and the colonies. In 1887, was the first issue of seeds and it was to India, Australia, and South Africa. The trials were set in the elevated portions of these countries and all places where maize and wheat cannot be cultivated. These trials were successful.Which led to the introduction of tef to other parts of the world such as * Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania by Skyes in 1911 * the States, Malawi, Zaire, Sri Lanka, unsanded Zealand, and Argentina by Burt Davy in 1916 The most effective trial was in the blue region of South Africa (National Research Council) . It was reported that the crop was very rapid in growth and was maturing in seven or eight weeks from the t ime of planting. When it normally matures between 80 160 days. Favorable increase Conditions Sunlight The length of sunlight should be between 11- 13 hours.Rainfall The average annual rainfall in tef-growing areas is 1,000 mm, but the range is from300 to 2,500 mm. Tef is able to resist moderate drought, but there should be tierce good rain days. Altitude It can be grown fromnear sea level to altitudes over 3,000 m. Most is cultivated between 1,100 and 2,950 m. Temperature While tef has some frost tolerance, it will not survive a prolonged freeze. But it can tolerate temperatures as high as 50C (Ogadan regions of Ethiopia) stigma Type Tefs tolerance of soil types seems to be very wide. It performs well even on the black cotton graphic symbol soils that are notoriously hostile to crops and farmers.Patterns of Consumption Human Consumption Tef is a cereal grain that is commonly grounded to flour that is mainly used for injera that is a popular fermented sour pancake, porrid ge and baked goods. Is often used in North the States as a thickener for soups and stews. Alcoholic beverages are also made from tef such as tela and katikala. Due to its high mineral content, it has also been used in mixtures with chickpea soybeans and other grains for cocker foods. Cattle Feed Tef straw is used as animal feed, oddly during the dry season. Farmers feed tef straw preferentially to lactating cows and working oxen (Tadele).Farmers prefer tef straw to the straw of any other cereal because of its sweetness (which is appealing to the cattle), high nutritive value, high yield, rapid growth, drought resistance and ability to smother weeds. In South Africa various productive types have been selected for hay production. It has since been exploited in the USA. It has more and more become abundant, and is growing in dozens of states. It is also predominately cultivated in Australia for these purposes as well. Ornamentals There has been a growing interest in Europe, the Unit ed States, and Japan to grow tef for its visually appealing features (Tadele).Since it stands straight, dense and has a orderly feature, often has multi-colored leaves and its open fluffy panicles, tef can be extremely eye-catching. Erosion hold up The non-weedy features of tef give it the ability to serve as a good temporary ground cover. South Africans are now using tef as a nurse crop that quickly covers the ground and fosters the establishment of aeonian grasses planted along with it (Seyfu). It is already being used in mixtures to protect opencast mine workings, period banks, and other erodible sites in South Africa. ConstructionIn Ethiopia, tef strawis the preferred binding material for walls, bricks, and household containers made of clay. overall Impact Tef has change magnitude in popularity in so many countries that the Ethiopian government has to instill mo bans of exporting this grain. During the lean season where the production of tef is minimal the exportation of t he crop will increases prices for it inside the country. With this scarceness in effect tef growers outside of Ethiopia has increased tremendously. Currently there are many tef providers in the USA for human consumption and forge for livestock.Another influence in popularity is the shift in consumers nutritional habits. There has been an increase in vegetarians (tef is high in protein) and the increased awareness of gluten allergies (tef is a good alternative for wheat). too the rise in Ethiopian immigrants and the related rise in the popularity of Ethiopian food have increased demand for this staple crop. Its not just Ethiopian migrates, it is everyone Ethiopian food is becoming more mainstream. There are tef fields in the states of Oregon, Kansas, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Virginia.The US Agriculture Department and other institutions are in support of the cultivation of tef. Currently there are government grants of fered to farmers in Kansas to cultivate tef on their farms (Kloman). Also the University of South Dakota and Cornell University have pushed for farmers in their states to start the cultivation of crop as well, for scientific research (Kloman). some other US institutions have been quite successful in their trials * University of Nevada They leaped at opportunity to begin a labor to grow tef in 2002. In 2008 they produced 800,000 pounds of tef and in 2009 produced a million pounds (Kloman).The production was so successful that the university was approached by retailers from Ethiopia with a deal to buy as much as four million pounds. * Idaho The teff grass Co. is Americas largest producer of tef it has been in business for 25 years (Kloman). Wayne Carlson, who lived and worked in Ethiopia in the 70s as biologist, started The Teff Co. When he returned to the US he found that the climate and geologic region of Idaho was similar to that of Ethiopias prosperous regions where tef is gr own. As the East African population of the US started to grow significantly Carlson completed an investment opportunity.The Boston Globe reported in 2004 that he grows about two million pounds of tef grain annually (Kloman). Dun & Bradstreet Inc. (business information company) estimated its annual sales to be $1. 2 million (Kloman). Carlson reports this is still not enough to meet the demand. * To express just how competitive the industry has become. Carlson has recently pleaded guilty in April of 2012 for harassing a rival tef grower, Tesfa Drar, of Teff Farms in Minnesota regarding the production and distribution of their grains (Wax). Carlson was sentenced to a years probation. nutritional ValueTef grains are nutritionally similar to wheat but are actually more nutritious. The reasons for this may be due to the fact that since the seeds are so small they have a greater proportion of fiber (the nutrients are concentrated on the outside of the seed) and are almost always produced as whole grain flour. Tef is rich in energy (353-367 kcal per 100 g) and its fat content averages to about 2. 3 percent (Seyfu). The grain reportedly contains 11% protein, which higher than that in maize or oats. The tef cultivated in the US though have been showing an even higher protein level of 14% on a consistent backside (Seyfu).These specific proteins should be highly digestible because it is high in the main protein fractions that are most digestible. Overall, it has an small balance of amino acids. Teff is higher than wheat in a dozen amino acids, especially the essential lysine, and slightly higher in such nutrients as potassium, zinc and aluminum. The mineral content is also good, iron and calcium are especially notable. The absence of anemia (iron deficiency) in Ethiopia where tef consumption is present is presumptively due to the grains good iron content.The amount of calcium is equivalent to that of half a cup of spinach (Seyfu). Its also an excellent source of vitam in C, which is not commonly found in grains. Resistant starches are a newly revealed type of nutritional fiber that is either not digested or partially digested until it reaches the large intestine, where bacteria uses it for energy (Hopman). This is advantageous for blood-sugar management, which would be ideal for those suffering from diabetes. It is also beneficial for weight control and colon health. About 20-40% of the carbohydrates in tef are resistant starches (Hopman).Bibliography Seyfu, Ketema. Tef, Eragrostis Tef (Zucc. ) Trotter. Rome, Italy IPGRI, 1997. Print. National Research Council. Lost Crops of Africa. Vol. 1. Washington National Academy, 1996. Print. Grains. Kloman, Harry. Mesob across America Ethiopian Food in the U. S. A. New York IUniverse, 2010. Print. Bai, Guihua, Mulu Ayele, Hailu Tefera, and henry T. Nguyen. Genetic Diversity in Tef Eragrostis Tef (Zucc) Trotter and Its Relatives as Revealed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNAs. Euphytica112. 1 (2000) 15-2 2. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1 Mar. 2000. Web. 30 Sept. 2012. . Ingram, Amanda L. , and Jeff J. Doyle. The Origin and Evolution of Eragrostis Tef (Poaceae) and Related Polyploids Evidence from Nuclear Waxy and Plastid Rps16. American journal of Botany90. 1 (2003) 116-22. Print. Assefa, Kebebew, Ju-Kyung Yu, Getachew Belay, Hailu Tefera, and Mark E. Sorrells. Breeding Tef Eragrostis Tef (Zucc. ) Trotter Conventional and Molecular Approaches. fructify Breeding130. 1 (2010) 1-9. Print. Tadele, Zerihun. New Approaches to Plant Breeding of Orphan Crops in Africa Proceedings of an International Conference, 19-21 September, 2007, Bern, Switzerland.Berlin Stampfli, 2009. Print. Alaunyte, Ieva, Valentina Stojceska, Andrew Plunkett, Paul Ainsworth, and Emma Derbyshire. Improving the Quality of Nutrient-rich Teff (Eragrostis Tef) Breads by Combination of Enzymes in Straight Dough and Sourdough Breadmaking. Journal of Cereal Science55. 1 (2012) 22-30. Print. Engels, Jan, J. G. Hawkes, and Me laku Worede. Plant Genetic Resources of Ethiopia. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1991. Print. Wax, Emily. As Americans Embrace Ethiopian Cuisine, Its Farmers Grow More Teff. Washington Post. The Washington Post, 31 July 2012. Web. 1 Nov. 2012. .

Compare and contrast the changes in the character of Baldini in Perfume and Mr. Samsa in The Metamorphosis Essay

Compare and contrast the changes in the typeface of Baldini in aroma and Mr. Samsa in The metamorphosis aft(prenominal) they view em world-beaterment in their lives.Empowerment is when angiotensin-converting enzyme increases his capability and status within family and career. Often the great satisfaction stemming from empowerment lead those who experience it to run low complacent, especially towards those who formerly held more than distinctive positions. This is especially spare the character victimization of Baldini and Mr. Samsa in Perfume and The Metamorphosis. In Perfume, Baldini is an unoriginal perfumer whose fame is surpassed by the talented Plissier. On the other hand, Mr. Samsa from The Metamorphosis is an unemployed piece who relies on his son, Gregor to support the family financially that is, before Gregors incredible transformation.These two characters are both wearied and insignifi drive outt in the beginning. However, after they become accomplished and ex perience empowerment, they begin to belittle those previously more successful than them through their actions and thoughts. Yet despite the similar transformations, the seeds devote different intentions because Baldini and Mr. Samsa have opposite remainders in the story one dies and the other prospers. This is an intriguing aspect because the characters develop in almost identical shipway although they are written by authors of different cultures. Thus, this investigation will examine the extent to which Baldini and Mr. Samsa are comparable in their changes after they are subjected to empowerment.Baldini and Mr. Samsa are both initially weak in their appearances and actions. For example, Baldini is an incompetent perfumer who lacks self-assertion and originality before his transformation. This is illustrated by the dialogue in Chapter 10 when Baldini reiterates that he alone can create unequalled perfumes and Chnier concurs repetitively. For example Baldini says, As you sla m, I create my own perfumes, I alone give birth to them perfumes, and I am thinking of creating nearlything that will cause a veritable furor. This repetition of similar statements highlights the danger Baldini feels about his perfuming abilities. His frequent use of words and phrases such as create and give birth in contrast with his actual actions demonstrate his ineptitude and even cowardly nature.In addition, by changing the structure of this dialogue to a dramatic form, Sskind suggests that both these characters are aware that they are putting on an act. This is further supported by Chniers effort to please and conform to Baldini. When Baldini asks whether Plissiers Amor and straits is vulgar, Chnier responds with totally vulgar.Similarly, when Baldini claims that he alone give birth to them perfumes, Chnier immediately replies I know. Chniers automatic submissive responses indicate that these two characters are putting on a regular act. This effectively shows that Baldini routinely creates this dialogue to attempt to retain a sense of dignity and importance. However, in verity he was old and exhausted chapter 11, and he is simply trying to conceal his faults and the fact that he is no long-life a great perfumer. Readers can infer from this that Baldini is cowardly in nature, and this is corroborated by the fact that he resorts to claiming Plissiers Amor and Psyche as his creation because he cannot concoct his own perfume.However, Baldini becomes confident after his business prospers, thanks to Grenouille. In fact, he becomes so confident that he begins to believe that Grenouille is not so phenomenal after all, as this is shown as followsBaldini no longer considered him a second Frangipani or, worse, some weird wizard chapter 17Although this is subroutinely because Grenouille regularly errs intentionally to deceive Baldini into believing that he is perfectly prescript chapter 17, it illustrates Baldinis increasing ego after he experiences empowerm ent.Similarly to Baldini before he succeeds in his perfuming business, Mr. Samsa from The Metamorphosis is weak and sickly before he experiences empowerment, which is prior to Gregors metamorphosis. He used to lie tiredly buried in bed pg27, lines 4445. He also as a sign of bliss only lifted up his armspg28, lines 23, and this illustrates his perpetual exhaustion. Yet after Gregor becomes disabled and Mr. Samsa becomes the familys backbone, Mr. Samsa is no longer weary all the time. In fact, he becomes alert, as he was holding himself real erect pg28, line 10 and his black look darted bright, piercing glances pg 35, lines 1415when he prepares to punish Gregor.Kafka carefully uses actors line here to illustrate Mr. Samsas newly-acquired confidence and vitality. For example, darted and piercing suggest energy and alertness, something he clearly lacked before. His eyes are bright, and this portrays Mr. Samsa as shrewd and vigilant. Furthermore, Mr. Samsas hair has a scrupulously ex act, gleaming part pg28, line 15. Gleaming serves a similar effect as bright, and this reemphasizes Mr. Samsas newly-acquired energy and acuity. He is now a scrupulous and strict father, something in complete contrast with his former self. Evidently, Mr. Samsa has transformed from a feeble to a confident and strong-minded character due to his taste of empowerment.Mr. Samsa also seems to no longer care for his son after his transformation, as he does not hesitate to punish Gregor for frightening Mrs. Samsa by launching apples at him. Indeed, Gregor immediately realizes after his metamorphosis that the father considered only the strictest treatment called for in relations with him pg28, lines 2325. This indicates that Mr. Samsa has adopted a condescending attitude towards Gregor, who previously held a more successful and distinctive position than him. The example further strengthens the claim that both Baldini and Mr. Samsa start to act and think superciliously once they are superior to those once more prosperous than them.So far it can be discovered from this analysis that both Baldini from Perfume and Mr. Samsa from The Metamorphosis are constantly exhausted and weak before they experience empowerment that is, before Baldinis perfume business prospers and before Mr. Samsa becomes more capable and acquires more power in his family than Gregor. They also both undergo similar transformations into arrogant and overconfident characters.Yet hidden skunk this similarity is the difference between the authors intention in developing them in parallel ways. This discrepancy can be inferred from the characters contrasting endings in the stories. In Perfume, Sskind arranges the plot so that Baldini dies when his house collapses in the river.This suggests that the author develops Baldini this way because he disapproves of people who become overconfident and condescending in manner when they flourish. It should also be noted that in contrast with The Metamorphosis, Perfum e adopts a more fantastic, almost fairytale-like plot. This is supported by immortal evidences, the most notable of which is Grenouilles superhuman olfactory senses that allows Grenouille to create the incredible perfume that frees himself of his crime chapter 49.Hence, Sskind may have arranged Baldini to receive his deserved punishment as he would in an lofty world.In contrast with Baldini, Mr. Samsa ends with a prosperous and hopeful future despite a dead son. This may be because Kafka had always felt powerless in the presence of his father, who was robust and accomplished in his career. This is evident from Kafkas letter to his father1,you do charge me with coldness, estrangements and ingratitude. And, what is more, you charge me with it in such a way as to make it seem my faultThis extract accurately summarizes the pressure and ineptitude Kafka had felt under his father, Hermann Kafkas influence. The shadow that Hermann had always casted on him is reflected by the fact that K afka portrays Mr. Samsa as a dominating character after his transformation. This gives us an insight to why Kafka has let Mr. Samsa thrive in the end despite the latters evil towards his son. In addition, since Kafka adopts realism in his writing style in The Metamorphosis, his intention in ending Mr. Samsa this way may be to illustrate the imperfection of the real world. By examining the authors intentions in Perfume and The Metamorphosis, Baldinis and Mr. Samsas changes do not seem as similar below the surface.In conclusion, Baldini and Mr. Samsa experience patently almost identical changes in their characters when they acquire power and rank. Their confidence and ego increase, and as a run they begin to disparage others through their thoughts and actions. They transform from enervated and sickly characters to healthy and confident ones.Yet they have each metamorphosed this way for contrasting reasons through Mr. Samsas prosperous end, Kafka reflects the shadow his domineering f ather had casted on him. In contrast, through Baldinis unexpected and swift death Sskind conveys his disapproval of the character development Baldini undergoes. Thus, it can be concluded that within the stories Baldini and Mr. Samsa both undergo almost identical development to a great extent. But this similarity ceases somewhat when the authors intentions and historical backgrounds are closely examined.The editions of the texts used to support this taste arePerfume Penguin Fiction EditionThe Metamorphosis Translated and Edited by Stanley Corngold A Norton Critical Edition.