Strategies for Support in Child Learning and Development

Strategies for Support in Child Learning and Development Effective support for children’s learning and development requires early practitioners to have an understanding that children develop quickly during their early years- physically, intellectually, emotionally and socially. Children have an entitlement to be provided with provision that will support them and extend their knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence that will help them overcome any disadvantage. A child in their early year’s experiences should build upon what they already know and can do. The experience should encourage a positive attitude with learning and aims in order to prevent early failure. A child’s learning environment needs to be stimulating and well planned and provide a structure for teaching within which children are able to explore experiment, plan and be able to make decisions for them, therefore enabling them to learn, develop and progress. ‘Children actively seek stimulation and need first hand experiences with real objects and occurrences and responsive adults or children who both support and model’ Bruce, 2001 The Early Years Foundation Stage statutory framework identifies three prime areas of learning: personal, social and emotional development; communication and language; and physical development. Clear identification of the three prime areas of learning and development. The framework states that these three areas are â€Å"particularly crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning, and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive.† practitioners working in early years are expected to focus strongly on the three prime areas, which are the basis for successful learning in the other four specific areas.† The specific areas include: Literacy, mathematics, understanding the world and expressive arts and design. Good. Communication and language development this involves encouraging children to link sounds and letters and to begin to read and write. Practitioners must give children access to a wide range of reading materials (books, poems and other written materials) to ignite their interest. It is providing children to gain skills and become an effective speaker and listener. A child’s learning and competence in communicating, speaking and listening, being read to and beginning to read and write must be supported. They must be provided with opportunity and encouragement to use their skills in a range of situations and for a range of purposes, and be supported in developing the confidence and disposition to do so. (Early Years Framework) Good use of reference. Physical development involves providing opportunities for young children to be active and interactive in their play and learning; and to develop their co-ordination, control and movement. They will increase the control over their movements as they develop, involving both gross and fine motor skills. Fine motor skills such as tying shoes laces or drawing, gross are things such as performing actions like throwing and catching. Children must also be helped to understand the importance of physical activity, and to make healthy choices in relation to food. Good. Personal, social and emotional development helps children to develop a positive sense of themselves, and others; to form positive relationships and develop respect for others; to develop social skills and learn how to manage their feelings; to understand appropriate behaviours in groups; and to have confidence in their own abilities as well building up their sense of identity and independence. As a baby they will begin being total ly reliant on those that care for them, as they progress they will become more independent. The child will develop social and cultural perspectives and control of their emotions; together they begin to gain and understanding of acceptable way to express their opinions and feelings. The first of the specific areas to highlight is literacy development. Language is vital to a child’s development it is the key for learning, communicating and building positive relationships. A practitioner’s role of encouraging their language acquisition is very important and that it should also concern parents, carers and even policymakers. They need to have knowledge about how the children in early years acquire their language and be able to develop into competent thinkers and language users which reflects good practice. The EYFS has pointed out the vitality of early year’s practitioners providing opportunities where children can communicate thoughts, ideas and feelings with those around them. Children retain language through daily interaction in their immediate environment. They respond to sounds, sentences and experiences expressed by those around them. Listening and attention, understanding and speaking are the three aspects of communication and language development. Communication and language development, from birth children are tuning in to the world around them. Without verbal language by observing babies attentively we are able to see how they are able to communicate with those around them. They hear sounds and will try and establish where the sounds come from. As they get older they will learn to identify and know the difference between various voices and start to understand the meaning of words. Babies cry to attract attention –in this way they communicate with the adults around them to get what they need. They have different cries for different purposes and parents soon get to know which cry means ‘I’m hungry’, ‘I’m in pain’, ‘I’m damp’ or, ‘Come and play with me now!’ Adults respond by meeting these needs and by talking to their baby. Language is important because it forms the foundations for interacting with other people – for communicating our needs, our thoughts and our experiences. From the moment of birth, babies are ready to communicate: they listen to and look at people and things in their environment, and respond to what they hear and see. Babies need a stimulating environment in which those who care for them respond sensitively to the different meanings of their cries, coos and gestures. Having the early ability to communicate verbally and non-verbally is the basis on which language is developed. A child’s ability to develop language depends on being immersed in a rich environment of words, sounds, rhythm, and verbal and non-verbal expression from birth. Children will progress through all language stages as they age, but may have different rates and milestones of achievement according to their own personal development. Early years practitioners play an active role in both language and literacy development. They will help introduce children to words, sounds, letters, and books and will highlight the relationships among them. They can promote literacy in early years by simply reading stories aloud to children on a frequent basis in setting is one of the most effective ways to promote early literacy development among young children. However, young children will tend to focus on the pictures during shared reading. The practitioner should draw children’s attention to print by pointing to the words when they say them or by asking questions about the words in the book for example â€Å"Where is the title?† or â€Å"We know this letter – it’s a C . this can help improve word awareness and alphabet knowledge. By helping children focus on the words and letter this makes shared reading more successful. For young children it would be recommended to use ‘big story booksâ€℠¢ so that all children can see it with its larger print. Mathematics: Children’s earliest interactions are with mathematics as they are exploring patterns, shapes and spaces of the world around them. It will provide children with opportunities to develop and improve their skills in counting, understanding and using numbers, calculating simple addition and subtraction problems. We are, all of us, at all ages, already highly skilled mathematicians. We just haven’t often learned it in our mathematics lessons. Lewis, 1996 Mathematics is an important part of everyday life. We use numbers for counting, ordering and measurements: Learning math in the early years involves more than practitioners providing children with manipulatives, such as pattern blocks or peg boards to explore, because mathematics is about thinking,. In order for children to mathematize what they are doing From ages 3 through 6 children move from an intuitive to a more organized/formal mathematical thinking. children need many experiences that call on them to relate their knowledge to the vocabulary and conceptual framework of mathematics — in other words to mathematize what they intuitively grasp (Joint position statement of NAEYC and NCTM, 2002).Practitioners need to provide the appropriate vocabulary and further their thinking â€Å"what will happen if you cut the smaller pieces in half? Which one comes first, second, third? Why Which one is the longest, shortest, and heaviest? How can you tell? by asking mathematical aimed questions, in turn encourages the child think mathematical. They need to help children have confidence in their calculations, estimations and develop a keen sense of curiosity. From birth babies will work hard at making sense of the world around them. They learn about quantity for example a baby eagerly wanting an object; they will want one for both hands. Then they will realise they can’t hold anymore Understanding the world will involve guiding children to make sense of their physical world and their community through opportunities to explore, observe and find out about people, places, technology and the environment. They are developing the necessary knowledge; skills and understanding that help them make sense of the world around them. This will then provide a foundation for later educational learning of science, design and technology, history, I.C.T and geography. Finding out about the world around them is what babies and young children do very effectively when they investigate by touching, holding or pressing things and by climbing on and jumping off things. Older children love to explore and investigate how and why things work and to test out their ideas of what will happen if they do a particular thing like Practitioners need to provide activities based on first hand experiences, the children need to be in an environment where there is a wide range of activities indoors and outdoors that will stimulate the child’s interest and curiosity. â€Å"Children must be taught how to think, not what to think.† Mead.M Expressive arts and design is enabling children to explore and play with a wide range of media and materials, encompasses messy play, music, dance, design and technology and imaginative play such as role play and small world play. The children within an early years setting should have daily opportunities for creative play, both inside and outside. As well as providing opportunities and encouragement for sharing their thoughts, ideas and feelings through a variety of activities. There various developmental benefits of expressive arts in including motor skills, the motions involved in making art, such as holding a paintbrush or scribbling with a crayon, practitioners should encourage the use of these as they are essential to aid the growth of fine motor skills in young children â€Å"Art is a way to encourage the process and the experience of thinking and making things better!† Khol Visual Learning: sculpting with clay and threading beads on a string all develop visual-spatial skills, which are important. nowadays toddlers know how to operate a smart phone or tablet, which means that even before they can read, kids are taking in visual information. tools and materials practitioners can use to encourage more complex exploration can include: tea bag painting, chalk pictures, splatter painting, printing with different objects such as potatoes, veg or shaped sponges. Using recycled materials for junk modelling/ structuring. They can encourage music by using: Nursery rhymes, action songs, using Sounds to help tell stories Sound pictures and making instruments. These are a few of many other tools and techniques to encourage expressive arts and design in early years. It can benefit young children as hey can help develop intrinsic human qualities, such as creativity, expression, identity, culture and imagination it can impact positively on confidence, self-esteem, perso nal, social, emotional development and behavioral health, breaking down language barriers, cultural prejudices or societal differences, and leading to decreased social problems, reduced inequality and increased creativity. The ways in which a child engages with other people and the environment – playing and exploring, active learning and creating and thinking critically – underpin learning and development across all areas of learning and support the child to remain an effective and motivated learner. Practitioners need to when planning they need to plan to cover all seven areas of learning and development. Each child will develop at their own rate through each developmental milestone. They need to keep a balance of child initiated and adult led play it their planned activities. Play has a big role of importance in early years, a great aid for learning. â€Å"The path of development is a journey of discovery that is clear only in retrospect, and it’s rarely a straight line.† Kennedy-Moore, E Bibliography http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/2100/1/achievement-for-all-characteristics-effective-inclusive-leadership.pdf ~(Accessed 20th April 2014) http://www.birthtofive.org.uk/features/effective-learning.html (Accessed 20th April) http://www.nicurriculum.org.uk/docs/foundation_stage/learning_through_play_ey.pdf (Accessed 5th May) http://www.ncb.org.uk/media/58917/factsheet_6_finaltemplate_ready_comm_lang_lit.pdf (Accessed 5th May) http://www.education.gov.uk/childrenandyoungpeople/earlylearningandchildcare/a00212432/eldp (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/618 (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/623 (Accessed 5th May) http://osclinks.com/634(Accessed 5th May) Books Pound. L, (1999) Thinking and Learning About Mathematics in the Early Years (The Nursery World/Routledge Essential Guides for Early Years Practitioners) Woods. A, (2013)  Child-Initiated Play and Learning, Planning for possibilities in the early years, Routledge Thwaites. A,(2008) 100 Ideas for Teaching Knowledge and Understanding of the World (100 Ideas for the Early Years),  Routledge Sheridan. D. M,(1977, 1999) Play in early childhood-from birth to six years, Taylor and Francis Group, London, New York Brown. M and Warner. M, (2013)  Foundation blocks for the early years, Physical development with expressive art and design, Brilliant Publications, Edlesborough.

Impacts of Heart Failure on the Body

Impacts of Heart Failure on the Body Helen McHugh Clearly Define Heart Failure. Heart failure occurs when either side of the heart cannot keep up with the flow of blood. It can involve left or right side of the heart or both. It is a combination of decreased cardiac output accompanied by impaired function of the failing heart and the compensatory mechanisms that preserve the cardiac reserve. Usually the left is involved first What organs and which body systems are affected by the disorder? Cardiovascular system – The Heart The respiratory System – The lungs, shortness of breath, chronic, non productive cough. Digestive system – Liver – becomes enlarged, unable to filter toxins and produce needed proteins. , stomach; impaired gastrointestinal function due to poor blood supply and malnutrition, accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity. Urinary System – Kidneys – fluid volume, oedema, impaired rennin,-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, nocturia(early in process) and oliguria(late sign) Integumentary system Skin and nail bed cyanosis. Pale and sweaty skin Nervous system – Brain – confusion( due to lack of oxygen to brain), sympathetic nervous system activation, anxiety, restlessness, insomnia Endochrine System – Pituatory gland (anti diuretic hormone), and adrenal glands – (aldestorone) – associated with water and sodium retention Lymphatic system – lymphoedema caused by oedema of chronic heart failure Muscular System – muscle fatigue, impaired exercise tolerance due to poor oxygen supply to muscles. (Porth Matfin, 2009) Give a brief overview of the normal function of the body systems affected by this disorder Cardiovascular/Circulatory system Comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood which work together to provide necessary nutrients to the body, removes excretory products from the body, protects the body from infection and maintains body heat. (Human anatomy, 2010) The Respiratory System The respiratory system, comprised of lungs, passages and muscles which are responsible for exchange of gases within the body and also from outside of the body. Oxygen is breathed into the body and transported to all of the parts and then carbon dioxide is breathed out. (Human Anatomy, 2010) The Nervous system The nervous system is the control centre of the body. It controls and regulates the functions of the body. The system is made of of voluntary and involuntary functions. The nervous system, comprised of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and neurons manages the body systems to work together and also for the organs to work together to create a finely tuned human body. (Human Anatomy, 2010) The Urinary System: The urinary system filters and removes waste from the body and also maintains the right balance of salt and electrolytes in the body. The urinary system is very important in controlling homeostasis in the body. It can control the volume of blood in the body to control blood pressure. ‘The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that are involved in the control of systems outside of the urinary system’ (Taylor, 2013) Digestive system The digestive system is responsible for the process by which food and drink are broken down into their smallest parts so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy. Integumentary System ‘Skin forms the body’s outer covering and forms a barrier to protect the body from chemicals, disease, UV light, and physical damage. Hair and nailsextend from the skin to reinforce the skin and protect it from environmental damage. Theexocrine glands of the integumentary system produce sweat, oil, and wax to cool, protect, and moisturize the skin’s surface’ (Taylor, 2013) Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of the glands of the body and the hormones produced by these glands. The hormones are used to regulate the body to maintain homeostasis. Lymphatic System the lymphatic system carries interstitial fluid from cells and tissues back to the heart, Elements of the lymphatic system find and get rid of foreign bodies and invaders in the body. Muscular system This is responsible for the movement of and within the body. Comprised of three types of muscle; Visceral muscles – found inside the organs of the body(involuntary); cardiac muscle – found in the heart; skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton and are the voluntary muscles. Define the signs and symptoms of heart failure and explain why these signs and symptoms occur. Fatigue /Weakness – Often experienced as heaviness of limbs and can be due to poor tissue perfusion of skeletal muscles due to poor cardiac output. (Medscape, 2014) Cardiac fatigue is different from normal fatigue as often progresses through the day and is not present in the morning. Due to reduced cardiac output throught the day and lack of oxygen. Confusion/memory impairment/anxiety/restlessness/insomnia. Due to impaired cardiac output throughout the day the brain may not receive enough oxygen and lead to these symptoms. Nocturia – (early stage heart failure)Caused by increased blood return to the heart when person is lying down which causes increased cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Oliguria – (Late stage heart failure) – caused by decreased cardiac output and resultant renal failure. Orthopnea – Due to decreased pooling of blood in lower extremeties and also due to ascites, too much blood rushes back to the heart and it cannot cope with it through several processes the result is increased airway resistance leading to dyspnoea. (Medscape, 2014) Paroxysmal Nocturnal dyspnoea – This is a sensation of shortness of breath that awakens the patient, possibly due to increased airway resistance (See Orthopnea) (Mukerji., 1990) Abdominal Distention – Due to Ascites Abnormal Heart beat Atrial and Ventricular arrhythmias – Irregular pulse Due to disturbance in contractions of the heart Nausea Due to gastrointestinal problems with the digestive system not receiving enough blood and with the digestive system and liver becoming congested. Increase in blood pressure – Because the heart is not able to pump the blood around the body as effectively and an increase in fluid build up in the body the blood pressure increases. Shortness of breath/gasping for air –Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli. Chest Pain/Pressure – Can be due to either primary or secondary myocardial ischemia Cyanosis – due to acute pulmonary oedmea lack of oxygen throughout the body due to poor gas exchange. Palpitations – ‘It can be secondary to sinus tachycardia due to decompensated heart failure, or more commonly, it is due to atrial or ventricular tachyarrhythmias.’ (Medscape, 2014) Weight gain – rapid weight gain is often observed in patients with heart failure due to fluid retention. Crackles in lungs – Can be Due to acute pulmonary oedema where capillary fluid has moved into the alveoli. Chronic Dry, non productive cough which becomes worse when patient is lying down – Congestion of the bronchial mucosa may causes bronchospasm which may cause wheezing and difficulty in breathing. Condition is sometimes called cardiac asthma. List the information taken on his admission that demonstrates these signs and symptoms. Sa02 – 87% on room air – this is too low and sign of poor oxygen saturation. B/P 90/40 – This is low, but may be due to his Lasix medication. Pulse – High – indication his heart may be working too hard or may be due to anxiety of admission and needs to be kept monitored Resps : very high – could be indication of potential cardiac arrest. Low Temperature : 35.8C can be associated with heart failure and worsening conditions (Medscape, 2013) (Cretikos, et al., 2008) To be noted : the above vital signs could also be indicative of asthma attack (Patient.co.uk, 2012) Circulation : He is hypertensive which, he has CCF and PVD Skin Integrity : Ulcer Lower leg, this could be a symptom of poor nutrition and circulation, which is a symptom of diabetes which is a risk factor of Heart failure. Nutrition : Diabetes and loss of appetite. Diabetes is key risk factor of CCF and loss of appetite is indicative of GI problems associated with heart failure Elimination : Constipated : This could be a sign of the digestive system not working properly due to lack of blood supply Mental State : Confusion could be a sign of lack of oxygen reaching the brain. Emotional Status : Anxiety of his condition could exascerbate his other feelings of anxiety Do you think the diabetes is related to the leg ulcer and amputated left toe? explain. Yes. The most common cause of chronic leg ulcers is poor circulation. Diabetics may have poor circulation due to the increased glucose in the blood and hardening of the blood vessels. This poor blood supply may lead to neuropathy and the nerve damage affects the condition of the skin. A non healing ulcer that causes severe damage to tissue and bone may need amputation. Mr Wrights amputated left toe may have been due to a non healing ulcer. (Mcnair, 2014) (American Diabetes Association, 2014) One of the medications he is taking is Lasix. What does Lasix do? Which body systems are affected by it? Explain why Mr Wright is ordered Lasix Lasix is a diueretic and is used to treat fluid retention in people with heart failure. Lasix is stops the body absorbing too much salt and rids the body of excess fluid and this can help the heart to pump more easily and can help regulate the blood pressure. Body Systems affected by Lasix are Cardiovascular system and Urinary system. List three conditions in Mr Wright’s relevant medical history that are commonly associated with ageing Arthritis Glaucoma Type 2 Diabetes What factors may impact on Mr Wright’s safety in hospital and when he returns home. Hospital: Confusion : Wandering with poor mobility (Patient.co.uk, 2011) Mobility: Falls risk MRSA Home: Falls Risk Confusion Diabetes Management Asthma Management Allergies(Confusion) Medications (Confusion) What other Health professionals will be involved in his care and what services can they provide for Mr Wright. Cardiologist : Management/ treatments for his CCF Rheumatologist : Care for his Arthritis Opthamologist : Care for his Glaucoma Diabetes Educator : Education and support for his Diabetes Dietician : Help with his diet in relation to his diabetes Podiatrist : Care for his feet, re. diabetes Physiotherapist : Help with mobility Nurse (RDNS): Help with care in the community GP : Treatment, consultations and advice in the community Respiratory Specialist : Consultations, and treatment re, respiratory issues. Phlebotomist : Re. regular blood monitoring Counsellor : Re. Mental health Social Worker : Re. possible support in the community i.e. meals on wheels, community involvement List the nursing documentation you would expect to be used in the care of Mr Wright: Admission Form Pain Observation Chart Fluid Balance Chart Medication Chart Neurovascular Chart Neurological Chart Care Plan Allergies Alert Record Form References: American Diabetes Association, 2014. Foot Complications. [Online] Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/foot-complications/ [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Cretikos, M. A. et al., 2008. Respitory rate the neglected vital sign. [Online] Available at: https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2008/188/11/respiratory-rate-neglected-vital-sign [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Human anatomy, 2010. Cardiovascular System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/cardiovascular-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Human Anatomy, 2010. Nervous System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/nervous-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Human Anatomy, 2010. Respiratory System. [Online] Available at: http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/respiratory-system [Accessed 7th March 2014]. Mcnair, D. P., 2014. Foot and Leg Ulcers. [Online] Available at: http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/diseases/facts/footandlegulcers.htm [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Medscape, 2013. Association of Low Body Temperature and Poor Outcomes in Patients Admitted With Worsening Heart Failure. [Online] Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/814981_4 [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Medscape, 2014. Heart Failure and Clincial Presentation. [Online] Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/163062-clinical [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Mukerji., V., 1990. Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK213/ [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Patient.co.uk, 2011. Delirium. [Online] Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/delirium [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Patient.co.uk, 2012. Acute-severe asthma and status asthmaticus. [Online] Available at: http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/acute-severe-asthma-and-status-asthmaticus [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Porth, C. M. Matfin, G., 2009. Chapter 26, Heart Failure and Circulatory Shock. In: H. Surrena, ed. Pathophysiology Concepts of Altered Health States. China: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp. 606-637. Taylor, T., 2013. Integumentary system. [Online] Available at: http://www.innerbody.com/anatomy/integumentary#full-description [Accessed 9th March 2014]. Taylor, T., 2013. Urinary System. [Online] Available at: http://www.innerbody.com/image/urinov.html#full-description [Accessed 9th March 2014]. 1

The Effect Of Third Party Candidates In Presidental Elections Essay exa

The Effect of Third Party Candidates in Presidental Elections Although citizens of the United States have the opportunity to vote for many different offices at the national, state, and local levels, the election of the president of the United States every four years is the focal point of the American political process. The American political system has maintained a two- party system since its inception. Political scientists argue that a two-party system is the most stable and efficient means of running a democratic nation as a mono-party system leads toward tyranny, and a multi-party system creates over- diversification and gridlock (Mazmanian 6). The Constitution of the United States does not in any way limit the structure of the political system to two parties. In fact, there has been no presidential election where there were only two candidates; however, third-party candidates are rarely represented in a majority of the states, and those that were on the ballot in a majority of states have never been successful. However, on a few occasions, third party candidates have been able to make a significant impact on the presidential election process such as George Wallace in 1968 and H. Ross Perot in 1992. Through nineteenth century there was little deviation from the traditional two-party system. Until then, political candidates were utterly dependant upon the political infrastructure of an established party for their campaigns. Until the development of mass media technologies, including radio and television, political candidates had no direct means of communicating with the public and were thus dependant on the communications systems of the major parties. Thus, third party movements lacked the capabilities to run an effective campaign against the major parties. However, mass media has changed the scope of the election process and brought about the demise of the major political parties (Robinson 147). Candidates who run a television dominated campaign have hurt their parties in a number of ways. The media specialists who manage such campaigns tend to be loyal to a candidate rather than to the candidate's party; as a result, the campaign supports a single candidate and not the entire ticket of the party. In addition, the heavy reliance on television allows a candidate to reach voters directly, thereby weakening the traditional function of the party as an info... ...eed, Ross Perot and George Wallace had a profound effect on the outcome of the elections they participated in, but Perot had a more lasting effect. Ross Perot proved to the world that it is quite plausible for a completely independent candidate to "walk into center stage and steal the show" (Robinson 141). With the decline of the political parties and their role in the campaign process, the possibilities for more successful independent candidates can only increase. Eventually an independent will go farther than swaying the outcome. One day an independent will win. Works Cited Brown, Gene. H. Ross Perot: Texas Billionaire. Vero Beach: Rourke Enterprises, Inc, 1993. Goldman, Peter and Tom Mathews. "The Manhattan Project". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.40-57 Jackson, David. "3rd party chances gauged" Dallas Morning News. November 5, 1992. Mazmanian, Daniel A. Third Parties in Presidential Elections. New York: Franklin Watts, 1974. Murr, Andrew. "Superhero". Newsweek (Special Election Issue) November/December, 1992. pp.70-77. Robinson, James W., ed. Ross Perot Speaks Out. Rocklin: Prima Publishing, 1992. .

The Return of Martin Guerre Essay -- Natalie Zemon Davis French Histor

The Return of Martin Guerre Historian Natalie Zemon Davis wrote an informative novel about the lives of peasants in the sixteenth century. Entitled The Return of Martin Guerre, Davis tells a true story about a law suit against a man claiming to be someone he is not. She familiarizes the reader with peasantry, laws, and moral attitudes of the time. The story begins in 1527 with a family move from the French Basque country to the village of Artigat. There the Daguerre family settled and started a tileworks business; a prosperous business in the sixteenth century. They eventually started businesses in wheat, millet, vines, and sheep. To be accepted in the new town the family had to make some changes such as speaking a different dialect, dropping the 'Da'; from their name thus pronouncing and spelling it 'Guerre,'; and also in style of dress. As for the Guerre women, life in the village of Artigat was a drastic change. No longer could they push ahead of the men to make their offerings at parish mass or go about the church to collect for the vestry. The Guerre's seemed to like their new lives, their family grew, and they became successful in their trade. In 1538 the only son of the Guerre family, Martin, got married to Bertrande de Rols, the beautiful daughter of a well-off family. After much trying they have one son. In 1548 the rich peasant disappeared from the village of Artigat after a family dispute over his stealing some grain from h...

Blooms Taxonomy :: essays research papers

Bloom’s Taxonomy is the higher order of thinking. Imagine a pyramid; to get to the top, you must first finish what is on the bottom. Bloom’s Taxonomy is divided into 6 different sections, each one specifying what skills are being demonstrated. The first and easiest block is knowledge. In knowledge you observe and recall of information, knowledge of dates, events, places, major ideas, and of subject matter. Some clues to identify knowledge is if it asks or you list, define, tell, describe, identify, show, label, collect, examine, tabulate, quote, name, who, when, where. The second step would be comprehension. Comprehension consist of understanding information, grasp meaning, translate knowledge into new context, interpret facts, compare, contrast, order, group, infer causes, predict consequences. Keywords to spot Comprehension would be: summarize, describe, interpret, contrast, predict, associate, distinguish, estimate, differentiate, discuss, and extend. Layer number thre e is Application. This is where it starts to get harder. Application involves using information, methods, concepts, and theories in new situations, solving problems using required skills or knowledge. Look out for these words to help you identify application: apply, demonstrate, calculate, complete, illustrate, show, solve, examine, modify, relate, change, classify, experiment, and discover. Step four is Analysis. Analysis involves seeing patterns, organization of parts, recognition of hidden meanings, identification of components. Question Cues: analyze, separate, order, explain, connect, classify, arrange, divide, compare, select, explain, and infer. The second to the last step, Synthesis, is hard, because now not only do the questions have to be answered for this, but the other steps should be done as well, to be able to fully understand. The elements that contribute to synthesis are: use old ideas to create new ones, generalize from given facts, relate knowledge from several are as, predict, and draw conclusions. Clue words include combine, integrate, modify, rearrange, substitute, plan, create, design, invent, what it?

Karnataka Mining Scam Essay

Karnataka is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. Bangalore is the capital city of the state and is at the forefront of the rapid economic and technological development that India is experiencing. Karnataka, like other Indian states, has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Politics in Karnataka Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the Indian National Congress, the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party. Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in federal government of India; three cabinet levels ministers in the current United Progressive Alliance government are from Karnataka. Notable among these is Former Chief Minister and Honorable Union Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Veerappa Moily. Illegal Mining Illegal mining in India is widespread in various ore rich states of India, and has generated controversy, which spans encroachment of forest areas, underpayment of government royalties, conflict with tribals regarding land rights. The spill-over of the effects of illegal mining into problems such as Naxalism and the distortion of Indian democracy by mixed political and mining interests, has gained international attention. Illegal Iron Ore Mining in Karnataka  The fast growing demand for iron ore accompanied by the sky-high profits involved started the discovery and the subsequent exploitation of iron ore in the Bellary region of Karnataka. Karnataka has an economy that is not specific to one particular natural resource. However, this discovery led to iron ore contributing to the single largest income of the state. In this industry, however, are two politicians who have monopolized the profits – the infamous Reddy brothers – Janardhana Reddy, and Karunakara Reddy. Reports and investigations that have been carried out prior to the assent of Mr.  Santosh Hegde as the Lokayukta chief, has proved the existence of illegal mining in the state, and the involvement of the Reddy brothers in the same. However, the reports have been suppressed, and subsequently â€Å"lost† in order to cover up a major scandal. Now, the reality has been unearthed and shamelessly barred open for the country to see, causing a scam of reasonably huge magnitude. The Issue The current ruling political party in Karnataka, the BJP, underwent quite a turn of events in the past few months. With the resignation of Lokayukta justice Santosh Hedge, the illegal mining scam took a forefront. The power of Bellary’s mining lobby in Karnataka’s politics in recent years has never been questioned. However, their exercise of it has become more blatant and overt under the BJP government, which has the powerful mining lords, the Reddy brothers, as its cabinet ministers. While the opposition has made sporadic efforts to bring the mining issue to the forefront of the political debate, it took the resignation of the hugely popular Lokayukta, Justice N Santosh Hegde, to catalyze the opposition and take the fight, literally, to the BJP government. It was the Lokayukta’s decision to protect an honest officer who had unearthed a huge export scam — running into thousands of crores — in Karwar involving illegal mining that led the former to resign. BJP chief Nitin Gadkari, on a trip to the city to persuade Justice Hegde to withdraw his resignation, went on record to say that illegal mining will be stopped. This situation put the CM Yeddurappa in a difficult position and he admitted publicly about the illegal mining actually being a reality. Yeddyurappa, however was not in a position to take adequate steps as the Reddy brothers, played an important role in the Karnataka governments financial and majority related issues. Growing Opposition pressure on the Karnataka government to act against the Reddy brothers and their alleged illegal mining in Bellary left the BJP divided. The party looked for a consensus on how to handle the situation. Two groups emerged – one backing Karnataka Chief Minister Y. S. Yeddyurappa and the other the Reddy brothers. Among the supporters of the Reddys were BJP leaders Sushma Swaraj and Ananth Kumar. Their argument was that the Reddys enjoy considerable support in their areas and any action against them would harm the party. But BJP leaders Rajnath Singh, Arun Jaitley and even L. K. Advani refused to buy the argument. They put their weight behind Yeddyurappa. On July 9, the House was adjourned amidst pandemonium after the Congress and JD-S members tried to raise the issue but were allegedly threatened by Reddy brothers — Janardhana Reddy, Karunakara Reddy — and Somashekhara Reddy along with two other MLAs, Suresh Babu and B Nagendra. The Congress alleged that the Reddys also tried to assault its MLAs. On July 12, the Opposition MLAs arrived in the Assembly wearing mining helmets. Speaker K Bopaiah objected to it. After that, the Congress and JD(S) MLAs came and sat in the Well. The opposition in the form of the congress government took steps to make full use of the BJPs weakness in the state as it lashed at the ruling government with examples of its past corrupt practices. As on July 20th, Karnataka CM, gave a clean chit to the brothers and said that the case has to be looked into. He said he had no apprehensions about removing them from the cabinet; however, first they have to be proven guilty by law. A day after the Karnataka government ordered a probe by his institution into illegal export of minerals, Lokayukta Santosh Hegde said he would seek information from the Centre and Andhra Pradesh on the quantum of iron ore exported illegally through various ports. The Yeddyurappa government referred illegal export of minerals, including iron ore, from 2000 till date to Lokayukta probe, after the opposition stepped up their campaign and demanded a CBI probe into the issue. This snowballed into a four-day session in the parliament just to argue on this ambiguity which was criticized by Mr. Santosh Hegde recently as â€Å"mockery of democracy† referring to the expenses entailed for each day in running such a parliament. The most recent development on this is that the state government has rejected the opposition demand for a Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) probe into the mining scam in the state. N Santosh Hegde on 28th August stated that the services of the CBI could be required in the later stages of investigations. The Congress had taken out a Bellary Chalo march seeking a CBI probe into illegal mining scam which went unnoticed. Opposition members stayed in the Assembly overnight, sleeping in the lobby, with no let-up in their demand for a CBI enquiry into what Leader of the Opposition Siddaramaiah termed a â€Å"Rs 20,000 crore scam†. The opposition accused the ministers-cum-mining magnets Reddy brothers — G Janardhana Reddy and G Karunakara Reddy –of involvement in the alleged multi-crore scam. The Karnataka government had seized huge quantities of ore illegally extracted in the state, and corruption in mining sector in Karnataka would be to tune of Rs 10,000 crore to Rs 15,000 crore. Commenting on this issue, Union Law and Justice Minister M Veerapa Moily said Mineral resources, as national properties, should not be allowed to be plundered and stringent steps had to be taken to check the illegal mining in Karnataka. Off-shoot on the issue The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Janata Dal-Secular (JD-S) members created ruckus and demanded the dismissal of the Karnataka government over the issue of illegal mining in the state. Settling political scores with the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) which targeted Uttar Pradesh’s BSP government over the issue of farmers’ killings in Aligarh district last week, the BSP hit at the BJP government in Karnataka, seeking its dismissal. BSP and JD-S members demanded the dismissal of the Karnataka government for its alleged involvement in illegal mining in the state. The three Reddy brothers — Tourism Minister Janardhan Reddy, Revenue Minister Karunakara Reddy and Somashekhara Reddy — have allegedly encroached on forest land to conduct illegal iron ore mining operations in Karnataka say BSP leaders. Currently, the situation has toned down, and there is a lull in the Karnataka government as investigations are being carried out with vigor by the Lokayukta. It has submitted a letter recently seeking permission to approach the state governments of Goa and Andhra Pradesh to unearth the quantum of iron ore exported from ports of these two states.

Model analysis of Perfume Extract Terrier and Baby Grenouille Essay

Paragraphs Synopsis: this extract reveals both the character of Terrier and reveals his response to Grenouille as a baby. Through omniscient narration, we share his feelings and physical responses to the child in his arms. His early rapture quickly turns to revulsion and this analysis will examine the ways that Suskind constructed his characters and our response. 1. The first description of the babe, small†¦red†¦twitched sweetly Our first response to the baby is almost protective, he is described as sweet and small and we can visualize a tiny innocent baby held in the arms of a protector, a man of God, a kind man with strong values. He is â€Å"a normal citizen†¦.who had taken a †¦warm and fragrant wife† This insistence upon smell links us to our emotional response throughout the extract. The act of smelling and the use of our senses conveys his response to the baby and the romantic idyllic life he was fantasizing about. 2. Terrier indulges in a fantasy, changing his role from that of a monk to a normal man, a father and protector Terrier’s character is constructed by what he is thinking and how he responds to the baby. Through the use of third person omniscient point of view, we see his rapturous response to this lost child, this sweet babe, who is so dependent on his protection. For a moment he is swept up into a fantasy of a real life, which in turn reveals to us his inner torment, torn between a demanding God and church rules and the normality and warmth of family life â€Å"Terrier felt his heart glow with sentimental cosiness†. 3. The use of language positions us in the present, as the action takes place. Through the use of baby talk we respond to his actions † poohpoohpoohpeedooh†¦.The thought of it made him feel good.† Terrier’s clumsy yet sincere attempts to cuddle the child are revealed through language † poohpoohpoohpeedooh†¦.The thought of it made him feel good.† We feel for him and his lost chances. At the same time, this glowing description of his feelings is in stark contrast to the end of the extract. It sets us up to expect a loving, positive outcome. The shock of his final response makes us resist the appeal of the so called sweet babe at the end. 4. â€Å"Then the child awoke.† The babe is now called a child. It has lost its innocent appeal, its dependence and cuteness is replaced by a growing sense of unease. It is described in animalistic terms, â€Å"Its nose awoke first†¦It sucked air in and snorted it back out† | Our warm response to Terrier and the child changes slowly yet drastically from this point on. The babe is renamed the child and through language it is transformed into an inquisitive demanding animal like creature†Its nose awoke first†¦It sucked air in and snorted it back out†. The child is no longer a beautiful desirable babe, it is now ugly † the child’s dull eyes squinted into the void, the nose seemed to fix on a particular target,† This makes Terrier feel like he is the intended target and begins to foreshadow his growing discomfort and disillusionment. 5. The description of the child is gross: â€Å"The eyes†¦oyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a †¦.slimy film† Instead of being sweet and red the child is now described as having â€Å"The eyes†¦oyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a †¦.slimy film†. The reader is revolted by the physical description. We can perceive a picture of an ugly, blinded mole like child, who squints, sniffs and targets Terrier. The reader can share in his appalled response as the child awakens and behaves in a rodent like manner. Thereby destroying his fantasy and making his protection unnecessary and indeed threatening his spiritual and psychological well being. 6. The use of language is fairly modern yet set in an 18th C setting. Suskind uses modern expressions and language to create the character of Grenouille. An example of this is † poohpoohpoohpeedooh†, and the almost scientific description of : â€Å"The eyes†¦oyster grey and creamy opal white covered with a †¦.slimy film† which create an immediacy and a sensory perception of the child. 7. â€Å"The nose seemed to fix on a particular target†¦he himself†¦was that target.† Terrier’s growing sense of unease foreshadows his rejection of the child as he thinks, â€Å"The nose seemed to fix on a particular target†¦he himself†¦was that target.† This ominous description of Terrier’s growing panic makes us feel extremely uncomfortable. He appears to be an ignorant man, we are modern readers, yet Suskind has managed through the use of sensory images to make us feel uncomfortable and to empathise with Terrier. 8. Irony as tiny is juxtaposed with fear The description of the child’s nose, waking, seeking, targeting is both similar to the unfolding of a carnivorous flower and a predator. Ironically, the juxtaposition of the use of ‘Tiny† with fear adds to our growing sense of horror and revulsion. † Tiny wings of flesh†¦tiny holes in the child’s face†¦create an eerie suction†¦the child saw him with its nostrils† this use of description as the child wakes up, coupled with Terrier’s imaginative response positions the reader to understand his response and to share his opinion of the seemingly innocent child/monster in his arms. 9. Metaphor carnivore and death As the child’s face is compared metaphorically with a carnivorous plant similar to a Venus fly trap, we see how Suskind has objectified Grenouille. He is an it, not a person, an anonymous being, semi human, semi animal. A predator who is seeking to cling to Terrier like an incubus, to devour him. His panic stricken response is a natural response to danger. Through punctuation we can see his fear â€Å"smelling at him shamelessly, that was it!† the use of exclamation marks emphasizes his fear and anger. His changing tone foreshadows his rejection. Through the use of language Terrier creates an image of the child as the ‘Other’ an alien, threatening to his dogmatic view of normality and romance view of the role that children should play in the world. 10. metaphor death Terrier becomes convinced that the child is going to kill him, â€Å"Using its nose to devour something whole†¦It was establishing his scent!† At this stage, I felt that Terrier was exaggerating, yet the repetition of his imaginative response grew on me and I felt a sense of revulsion towards this child also. Grenouille appears to be hunting the man who out of the goodness of his heart saved him. From this moment, our response to him becomes negative, wary, revolted by his physical description regardless of the illogic of it all. 12 Like a rape Terrier’s response becomes similar to that of a rape, an intensive personal invasion which cannot be avoided, â€Å"His most tender emotions, his filthiest thoughts lay exposed†. He can no longer accept that this is an innocent child. He feels invaded, tainted by corruption and victimized, all by this child. 13. Structure Terrier no longer felt safe, ‘ Gone was the homey thought that this be his own flesh and blood†¦idyll of father and son and fragrant mother†. He regarded the babe/child/it as a creature a non human being A threat to his spiritual and physical wellbeing â€Å"A strange, cold creature lay there on his knees, a hostile animal†¦ he would have hurled it like a spider from him.† Terriers final rejection of Grenouille was significant on many levels. This may have been the only chance of a normal upbringing or real affection lost. It creates a Gothic like fear of the unknown, the rejection of people who do not fit in or conform. There is a gap between the values of the church dogma and the rights of the individual as this child is not a person, it becomes a monster in the eyes of the monk. The reader is encouraged to support Terrier’s decision to reject the child, yet with the advantage of a modern upbringing, it seems inhuman to totally abandon an innocent child regardless of how strange they look or behave. At this stage the beginning is juxtaposed with the ending. The idyllic father/son image is destroyed and a spider/rodent like child has emerged from the cocoon of our literary expectations. Conclusion Suskind’s text introduces both characters, themes and conflicts. We see the emergence and transformation of Grenouille’s character, like a butterfly he is transformed from a baby to a spider. Our response changes from empathy to horror. His eventual fate is set by this earlier abandonment on so many levels.