Consumer Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer Law - Case Study Example Judges are bound to the law made by the parliament they are to decipher the law as per the setting of the case and choose keeping the soul of the rule Law unblemished. Since sculpture law is exact and principal it can't see the foundations of the case, in this way the adjudicator made law makes these holes in choosing the cases in light of a legitimate concern for equity. Buyer law in UK is of 30 years of age. It created as the years passed on. It is presently having considerable number of Acts and Regulations to give the equity to the customers. Because of the electronic insurgency and expanded rivalry and improved advertising framework the shoppers face a great deal of difficulties and are exposed to cheating and undue incitements. To shield them from these difficulties the buyer laws are extended to meet prerequisites. These shopper laws are made so basic thus sensible that there is no vagueness in understanding these laws even by a typical man. Furthermore, the help it gives is as that what a man of standard reasonability think with respect to the broker and what he feels just and sensible. On the off chance that any dealer gives an off-base products than what you requested a typical man says the cost of such merchandise need not be paid. This is actually what buyer law likewise says. Still the information on purchaser law is significant since it gives more than what client might suspect had the right to get from a dealer. In the above model an individual with no lawful information thinks he need not pay for the item yet buyer law says more that he merits an additional sum from the merchant as pay. Purchaser law shields the clients from the carelessness, flightiness and wrong doings by the brokers and there by causes shoppers to endure. When would we be able to state that the dealer is to blame We can say that they to blame when they don't observe the law identifying with the exchange and they don't give sufficient consideration to the purchaser's needs and when they follow the unjustifiable exchange practices to increase undue benefits at the expense of customers and so on. There are sculptures and laws made to direct the exchange such laws are Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as am improved), Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982. Different laws which are otherwise called customer laws and which the shopper will have a base and essential information about them to defend themselves. These laws will be examined later in this issue. These sculptures set down rules that the dealers ought to follow and all the brokers are to comply with this law. Offer of products Act recommends certain co nditions that great sold will go along, for example, quality, amount, time and so on as per the general inclination of the customers. Offer of merchandise act is likewise an agreement which common understanding between the client and the broker. The merchant will undoubtedly gracefully the concurred quality, amount inside the concurred timeframe. At the same time the client is will undoubtedly pay the sum as concurred once the broker plays out his piece of understanding. In the event that any imperfection in the item is made known to the client and the client consents to purchase with the deformity afterwards he can't take haven of deformity in the merchandise and petition God for pay or excluded from installment of the cost. The weight of verification of the merchant's disappointment or wrong is consistently lies on the client with the exception of in explicit condition, for example, where the dealer gives assurance of an amazing merchandise and the item doesn't lost for the guartee time in this condition it is the broker to demonstrate that the item has satisfied its ensured period and so forth. In each

The War on Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War on Drugs - Essay Example r on Drugs is a consolidated exertion at the forbiddance and stoppage of medications into the United States, including different military activities, monetary uses, and publicity activities to change the social mentality with respect to the worthiness of medication utilization. Such projects incorporate the famous Just Say No battle, generally natural from the 1980s, which included showing kids the threats of medication use (Rogers and Blackstone, 2003). Further, as a component of the worldwide activity to stop tranquilize dealing in the U.S., the military executed Operation Just Cause which included the 1989 intrusion of Panama because of supposed reports that Panamas initiative was vigorously answerable for medicate developments into the United States (Rogers and Blackstone). Notwithstanding, outside of the exercises being directed each year by the legislature to forestall sedate use, it is critical to distinguish that in spite of these high budgetary uses, tranquilize use and medication related issues keep on raising in the U.S. One sociological proficient contends that the War on Drugs battle has given unlawful medications heavier, anyway unintended, showcasing and advancement, permitting society to get dreadfully learned about medication developments along these lines they are progressively able to expend them (Henslin, 2003). Engraining the presence of medications, as indicated by the creator, into the social awareness is what is accepted to be the explanation with respect to why medication use keeps on climbing locally. Obviously, Henslins perspective on the War on Drugs just speaks to a particular conclusion, anyway insights outline that tranquilize feelings identified with the development and utilization of unlawful substances has ascended by almost 20% since 2001 (Rogers and Blackstone). This should bring the inquiry up in the psyches of the American people regarding whether these state and government billions are being spent properly, as apparently the War on Drugs isn't having any critical effect on tranquilize dealing and utilization. Further, it is assessed

Trademark

Trademarks and Commercial Identifiers Trademarks-?otherwise called business identifiers or imprints ? can be words, phrases, logos, images, or pictures. At times a trademark is comprised of at least two of these. You can take a gander at J pretty much any item and see at least one trademarks. A trademark is utilized to Identify an item a s being one of a kind to the organization that possesses It, so in this way trademarks are amazingly significant to their owe nurse.A trademark can be related to an organization to demonstrate quality, enhance, aroma, development, or any n individual from â€Å"ideas† that an organization wishes to communicate. Selective rights to an imprint are somewhat settled through business use, for example, Entering the blemish on state or region records Applying the imprint to signs and limited time materials utilizing the blemish on letterhead, business cards, and Web destinations Marks can likewise be enlisted with the US Patent and Trademark Office ( US OPT), which gives organizations more influence should a debate emerge over a mark.The imprint will restore an outcome during savior look, disheartening others from attempting to guarantee the imprint as their own, and enrollment puts the weight of confirmation of inventiveness on any Infringer. An organization may hold several trademarks. Microsoft gives a Web page enduring Its many trademarked names for games, programming, textual styles, brands, and so forth , alongside data o n how to refer to each name. Microsoft additionally gives a page titled â€Å"General Microsoft Trademark Guidelines, † that gives quite certain Instructions on referencing Microsoft trademarks and logos in any caring o f publication.Some trademarked names become so basic in the language that they can get nonexclusive. This can be monetarily hurtful to an organization on the grounds that the word or expression is not, at this point vital rill related with its maker. Some normal name marks that have become nonexclusive Include: Jacuzzi for hot tub Xerox for copiers Band-Aid for cement Astronaut for counterfeit grass Skilled licensed innovation lawyers like those at GOSH Law Partners are useful to co babysitters at each phase in the trademark process.In the structure stage, our lawyers perform intensive ear infections for comparable expressions or logos, keeping assets from being spent on a thought impossible t o accomplish enlistment. When configuration is finished, GOSH Law Partners aids the readiness a d documenting of the enrollment application and work with the SPOT to determine protest and answer quo segments. After IF Trademarks Firsthand Lasted 1 1124/2009 6:00 PM enrollment is accomplished, we screen utilization to guarantee the imprint is kept in business u SE and isn't being abused or at risk for getting conventional. GOSH Law Partners, with our profound information and skill in business and astuteness al property law, comprehends the objectives you need to accomplis h with your business identifiers and their incentive to your organization. We will assist you with gauging the dangers and advantages of different sorts of imprints and empower you to settle on choices you can be certain will be useful for your business for quite a long time to come If encroachments or debates emerge, we handle all subtleties from cut it out letters (which regularly end the case) through suit. On the off chance that Trademarks Firsthand Lasted

Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer Essay - 611 Words

Works Cited â€Å"A Condemned Man’s Last Bequest†. People 6 February, 1989 p. 44-51. Gerdes, Louise. Serial Killers. San Diego: Greenhaven Press Inc.2000. Knappaman, Edward W. Great American Trials. Detroit: New England Publishing, Associates, Inc. 1994. Ted Bundy was a brutal serial killer. He was also very charming and handsome to the ladies, which made it easier to prey on them. He admitted to killing over twenty people just before his execution. Many families were relieved when he was finally executed. Ted Bundy thought of himself as very smart, because he was able to outsmart the authorities multiple times throughout the years of being a serial killer ( Gerdes 41). His victims of choice were young, college age, women ( Gerdes 128). He†¦show more content†¦He made himself look innocent through just about anything the authorities threw at him. Bundy helped himself out by saying he had been badly represented by counsel (â€Å"A Condemned† 49). The authorities believed he had killed at least forty people, but it was very hard to prove it. Dentists analyzed bite marks on one of the Chi Omega’s victim’s buttocks, and compared them to an oversized picture of Bundy’s teeth (Knappaman 655). It was determined that there was a considerable amount of similarities, and it was used against Ted as evidence. This was the first hard evidence the authorities had against him in the trial. He sensed danger of being convicted and tried his best to cover it up, but failed. The police also innocent found knotted panty hose like those used to strangle previous victims at the Chi Omega House. They had finally found an eyewitness who was named Nita Neary, which helped a great deal. They finally proved him guilty with this evidence. After his conviction Bundy admitted to killing about twenty people, which included Debi Kent on November 8, 1974, and Nancy Wilcox on October 7, 1974. On July 23, 1978, Ted was found guilty on multiple charges (Knappaman 655). Later on in 1979, he was sentenced to death. He received his third death sentence on February 12, 1980, following his conviction of killing Kimberly Leach. He was convicted of three separateShow MoreRelatedThe Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay777 Words   |  4 PagesThe mind and motivation of a serial killer Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behavior such as: Henry LucasRead More The Mind and Motivation of a Serial Killer Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages The mind and motivation of a serial killer nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Serial killers tend to be white heterosexual males in their twenties and thirties, who are sexually dysfunctional and have low self-esteem. Serial killers generally murder strangers with cooling off periods in between each murder. Serial killers are twisted in nature. Some return to the place the murder happened or the gravesite to fantasize about their deeds. Serial killers have made many excuses for their killings and behaviorRead MoreTed Bundy Essay example1410 Words   |  6 PagesTed Bundy Throughout history, criminal investigators have encountered different forms of serial killers. One of the many famous serial killers in the twentieth century was Theodore Robert Bundy (Ted Bundy). Ted Bundy was responsible for the Chi Omega killings and many more. When people think of serial killers, they visualize some dirty, crazy, looking individual that would stand out from everybody else. In Teds case this was different. Ted Bundy was a very smart individual who had attended collegeRead MoreTheodore Robert Cowell : The Most Notorious American Serial Killers856 Words   |  4 PagesTheodore Robert Ted Bundy originally Theodore Robert Cowell was one of the most notorious American serial killers in history. Ted Bundy was born November 24, 1946, in Burlington, Vermont. Ted wasn’t the usual blessing to his mother. Eleanor Cowell was twenty-two years old when she gave birth to Ted, also out of wedlock. Ted’s grandparents were very strict and religious and Eleanor was s cared of being shun by the family. She delivered the child at a home for unwed mothers in Vermont and later onRead MoreTed Bundy Research Paper5108 Words   |  21 Pageshappened† (Goleman). Ted Bundy was one of the most famous psychopaths in the history of the country (Nordheimer). People say he was the perfect killer- handsome, intelligent, witty, and charming (Boynton 25). Bundy was the complete opposite of what people thought a serial killer looked like, so his victims did not fear him (â€Å"Ted Bundy†). Robert Keppel, an expert on serial killers, stated, â€Å"He taught us that a serial killer can appear to be absolutely normal, the guy next door (â€Å"Serial Killers and Mass Murderers†)Read Morejajsa1351 Words   |  6 Pagesargument. Ted Bundy is an infamous serial killer who has bludgeoned, raped, and murdered many women. Young uses Ted Bundy’s story of multiple horrific murders, escape from prison, and the inability to strike this dangerous m an with the death penalty to strengthen her argument for capital punishment. She uses very powerful, hard- hitting words when describing the killings and the killer, Ted Bundy. Describing the murder of Georgeann, a young college student with a bright future shattered by Bundy, withRead MoreTed Bundy Through the Developmental Psychology Lens1611 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study: Ted Bundy Through the Developmental Lens Ted Bundy was a notorious American serial killer known to be active between 1973 and 1978. Before his execution in 1989, Bundy confessed to over 30 murders, although the actual number is estimated from 26 to 35 or more. His modus operandi was to lure and bludgeon young women, and then strangle them to death. Bundy confessed to acts of rape, mutilation and necrophilia with his victims. He escaped twice from county jails prior to his finalRead MoreTed Bundy Attachment Theory1529 Words   |  7 PagesTheodore â€Å"Ted† Bundy was born in Burlington, Vermont on November 24, 1946, and later executed by the electric chair on January 24, 1989, after being convicted of a serial murder, rapist, and necrophiliac. Bundy brutally murdered and sexually assaulted 30 women but many believe that number to be higher. He would use his charm to lure these women, before engaging in sexual assault and murdering them. Bundy would also revisit some of his victims to again engage in sexual acti ons until their bodies wouldRead More Ted Bundy Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pagesgives birth to that murderer. In Ted Bundys case the lack of parental guidance and constant rejection of women contributed to him evolving into a vicious serial killer. Bundy was a man who let his fantasies run his life, he believed that life was a game. All this contributed to making Bundy revengeful, bitter, and not quite mentally stable. Bundy took countless numbers of young female lives in the 70s. This man seemed to have a highly unstable personality and was often confused in life, some haveRead MoreEssay on Murder1940 Words   |  8 Pagesfalse. No one is born a murderer; society gives birth to that murderer. In Ted Bundy’s case the lack of parental guidance and constant rejection of women contributed to him evolving into a vicious serial killer. Bundy was a man who let his fantasies run his life, he believed that life was a game. All this contributed to making Bundy revengeful, bitter, an d not quite mentally stable. The type of murders this man committed was shockingly cruel and inhuman. In comparison to Clifford Olson, he too, would

History And Structure Of New York Stock Exchange Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 822 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In this paper, it begins by an interpretation of the role and functioning of stock markets, the New York Stock Exchange is represented in this case. Firstly, it goes through the history of the NYSE, it explains its administrative structure. An overview of the advantages of the stock exchange for both investors and corporations is provided. It analyzes the question of efficiency of financial markets. What is stock exchange? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "History And Structure Of New York Stock Exchange Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Stock Exchange An organized marketplace for securities featured by the centralization of supply and demand for the transaction of orders by member brokers for institutional and individual investors. (ref: glossary from www.nyse.com) The stock exchange or stock market is where equities are bought and sold between buyers and sellers. The stock market or equity market is considered as a Capital market as it facilitates the flow of long-term funds. Then, Capital market can be divided in Primary Market and Secondary Market. The Primary market is used by Corporations for issuing new stocks (or long term debt) in order to raise capital or fund, while Secondary market assures the trading of existing stocks. It is a means of trading stocks for stocks brokers, traders and dealers. The main purposes of the secondary markets are its liquidity and share valuation. Investors holding stocks from the first issuance in the primary market but do not want to keep them. They can sell them in the secondary market to others who want to acquire them. There are two types of stock on the market that are preferred stocks and common stocks. Preferred stocks Preferred stocks pay a fixed dividend regardless of corporate earnings and have priority over common stock in the payment of dividends. Preferred stockholders also have priority over common stockholders in recouping their investment if the company fails or liquidates. However, preferred stock carries no voting rights and, should earnings rise significantly, the preferred holder receives the same fixed dividend while holders of common stock may collect more. The fixed income stream of preferred stock makes it similar in many ways to bonds. Securities that represent an ownership interest in a corporation. If the company has also issued preferred stock, both common and preferred have ownership rights. Common stockholders assume the greater risk, but generally exercise the greater control and may gain the greater award in the form of dividends and capital appreciation. The terms common stock and capital stock are often used interchangeably when the company has no preferred stock. Process of trading Advantages to be listed on stock exchange for corporations Creating a market for the companys shares Enhancing the status and financial standing of the company Increasing public awareness and public interest in the company and its product Providing the company with an opportunity to implement share option schemes for their employees Accessing to additional fund raising in the future by means of new issues of shares or other securities Facilitating acquisition opportunities by use of the companys shares Offering existing shareholders a ready means of realising their investments Companies seek a listing on the exchange to raise new finance for the company and/or its owners; for example, the new finance that is needed to assist expansion may be best raised by the sales of shares in the company rather than taking on debt finance. Advantages to invest in stock market for investors Common stock has a number of advantages which make it a desirable investment vehicle, some of which are listed below: ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Common stock has the potential for delivering very large gains, unlike bonds, Certificates of Deposit, or some other alternatives. Annual returns-on-investment (ROIs) of over 100% have occurred on a somewhat regular basis. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ The potential loss from stock purchased with cash is limited to the total amount of the initial investment. This is considerably better than that of some leveraged transactions, where the maximum loss can well exceed the total of the funds invested. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Stocks offer limited legal liability. Passive stockholders (those who take no active part in the running of the company) are protected against any liability stemming from the companys actions beyond their financial investment in the company. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Most stocks are very liquid; in other words, they can be bought and sold quickly at a fair price. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Although past performance is not a guarantee of future performance, stocks have historically offered very high returns in relation to other investments. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Stocks offer two ways for their owners to benefit, by capital gains and with dividends. As previously stated, each share of stock represents partial ownership in a company. If the company becomes more valuable, so will the ownership interest represented by each share of stock. This appreciation of the stocks value is known as a capital gain. In addition, if the company earns more profits than it needs to support its maintenance and growth, it may elect to distribute the excess to its owners, the shareholders. The periodic distributions of profits are called dividend payments.

Homeschooling Is Inferior to Public Schooling Essay

â€Å"Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource† John F. Kennedy (1917-1963) Thirty-fifth President of the USA. An estimated 4 million children are currently home schooled with a 15-20% yearly growth rate. According to a California study by researcher Dr. Brian [D.] Ray, 92 percent of school superintendents believe that home learners are emotionally unstable, deprived of proper social development and too judgmental of the world around them. The latest claim against home schooling suggests that home schoolers are potential child abusers. Mr. Ron Barnard, a Holly High School teacher says that he would prefer public schooling for his children because of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"You take each student from where they are and provided experiences that will maximize success† (Qualities of a good Teacher). On the other hand, there are no requirements stating that parents doing home schooling have to be trained, experienced, certified or evaluated; or have any particular qualifications, parents who have graduated high school can home school their child. Home schooled parents argue t hat they can invest more time and energy into their child’s education, but in reality, a parent can educate their children at home with just a high school degree. Their inexperience harms the child more than their attempt to help. As well as educated teachers, public schools also provide a development of adapting to a more diverse environment and instill a stimulation to learn. Public schooling establishes a diverse atmosphere and stimulation for students to succeed. Student’s need more stimulation than any one parent can provide for their child. â€Å"Home schooling does not encourage and facilitate children to make peer relationships. In both public and private schools, children have the benefit of being grouped together in classes and activities, and in turn, they have an opportunity to get to know one another. Home school lacks this type of environment and can retard a child’s social growth† (Home Schooling – The Benefits of Learning atShow MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Homeschooling1182 Words   |  5 PagesHomeschooling has long been an alternate method for parents to educate their children. Homeschooling is a method where a child is being schooled at home by their parents, relatives or private tutors to educate their children from pre-k to 12th grade. Basically their whole childhood to their early adulthood. Homeschooli ng should be avoided by parents because it can cause their children to have a difficult time integrating into society because they have extremely limited interaction with their ownRead MoreFair and Balance: The Education Cutbacks858 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussing. I have only known of one family since coming to Oak Harbor that has chosen to home school their child. He is fifteen years old and from what I can tell, he has always been Homeschooled, instead of attending public school and I can understand why they have. Homeschooling offers a true one-on-one environment where if the parent sticks to the syllabus and curriculum, there should not be any issue. This is the second school year that my youngest son has been with me (he was with me for hisRead MoreHomeschooling And A Traditional Public Education1819 Words   |  8 Pagesare homeschooling or a traditional public education. While there are a few options, the choice has to be assessed properly. The dilemmas placed before parents are the lack of knowledge for an education taught within a home setting or the lack of a proper environment within a traditional school setting. There are many facets of homeschooling that people may not know. In order to understand the concept of homeschooling, it is important to define the term and point out its origin. Homeschooling is aRead More home school Essay examples2427 Words   |  10 Pages Home schooling is another way for a child to receive his or her education. It is one of many alternatives to regular schooling (classrooms and schools). It is the oldest alternatives to regular schooling and one of the most effective. There are many true stories proving that home schooling is an effective and often successful way to teach you child. But first lets talk about home schooling began in the U.S. Home schooling started in colonial America, (around 1777 to 1783) for most colonial homesRead MoreGender Norms And Stereotypes Gendered Identities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesreinforce gendered identities and constrain the behaviour of women and men in ways that lead to inequality. ¨ Some factors lead to discrimination such as â€Å"a lack of legal rights and very little independence from their husbands, to being thought to have inferior brains.† Lack of education available or allowed to women has stemmed from the lack of respect and mistreatment of young girls and women in the Middle East, Africa and the Asian Pacific. Raden Ajeng Kartini was the national heroine for women’s rights

Counselling for Suicidal Clients- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCounselling for Suicidal Clients. Answer: Introduction Suicidal clients can cause uneasiness in counselors when they seek help; dealing with suicidal clients is one of the hardest things that a counselor can handle. Todays society associates suicidal thought with failure hence it is assumed that someone who is suicidal is a failure in life. However, suicidal thoughts are often caused by factors like trauma and other factors which have nothing to do with failure. Handling clients coming to seek counseling help because of suicidal thoughts can be challenging to any counselor. Understanding the feelings of the client and making decisions on how to advise them can pose serious ethical and moral dilemma for a counselor. A counselor relies on several factors to help them come up with decisions when dealing with a suicidal client. One factor that a counselor relies upon is the context in which the client came to seek help, the relationship they have with the client and confidence of the counselor (American Counseling Association, 2014). Clients with suicidal thoughts can give unpredictable responses in counseling stemming from fear and anger. The unpredictable responses can lead to a counselor experiencing responses of his own such as intrusive thoughts. Studies show that suicide is one of the most difficult things that a counselor can handle (Ellis Goldston, 2012). Many counselors will, at one time in their career, work with clients who are portraying suicidal thoughts. Due to the weight of dealing with suicidal clients, several ethical issues arise when dealing with such clients. This paper will look into the ethical issue that occurs when dealing with a suicidal client while comparing the situation of an aged client who is suicidal due to trauma and a young client who is suicidal due to psychological pressures. Clients, either due to trauma or psychological reasons have suicidal thoughts, can seek help from counselors. Counselors talk to such clients in the hope of ensuring that the clients do not go through with their plans of committing suicide. A client with suicidal thoughts should be handled well because their actions will have an effect on the client, their family, and for the counselor who was involved with the client. Counselors should be aware of ethical, moral, and legal aspects that come into play when dealing with a suicidal client. The ethical issues arise because of the emotional state of the case and the consequences of the advice the counselor will give to the client. Counselors should be guided by the guidelines on ethics and other guidelines when dealing with suicidal clients. Care for suicidal patients include the components of risk assessment and informed consent (Dexter-Mazza Freeman, 2003). Decision making when dealing with suicidal clients is a matter of life and dea th, and the ethical decisions which are made by the counselor bear the same weight (Jobes, Rudd, Overholser, Joiner, 2008). Confidentiality is one of the key ethical issues and the decision of whether to forcefully commit the client to a mental institution. Informed Consent One important issue that arises ethical issues when dealing with suicidal clients is informed consent. Francis (2003) postulates that informed consent with a client who portrays suicidal thoughts can help a counselor provide a roadmap to treatment, appropriate risk disclosure, and inform the client the limits to the confidentiality of what they will disclose. Confidentiality is necessary since a counselor has the power and duty to warn the clients family and commit the client to a mental hospital for treatment. McGlothlin, Rainey, Kindsvatter (2005) explain that once the counselor has established the ethical issue of informed decision with the client, they have taken a moral and professional duty to assess the risk that a client portrays and act on that risk. Informed consent often bears a legal and ethical weight. If a counselor is found to have lacked informed consent when dealing with a suicidal case, they are often liable for professional malpractice if the client commits suicid e. Lastly, the process in which informed consent is arrived at should not be ignored. Informed consent is often arrived at during the initial meeting with the suicidal client but it can be revisited as the visits progress, and more facts are revealed. In most cases, the issue of suicide does not come up during the first meeting, but it comes when the client has developed a rapport with the counselor. Evidently, for any dealings with suicidal clients, informed consent needs to be established. Risk Assessment Arguably, most ethical issues when dealing with suicidal cases arise from the attempt to determine if the client will indeed commit suicide. This risk assessment is necessary when considering the care to be given to the client. Risk assessment is an ethical issue tied to a legal issue known as foreseeability (Schmidt Zechnich, 1999). The job of the counselor is not to predict if the client will commit suicide but he should determine those clients who are highly likely to commit suicide. This involves reasonable care which is often based on timely and accurate risk assessment. Without risk assessment, counselors will not be able to provide reasonable care to the clients. Assessing whether a client has a high risk of committing suicide will ensure the counselor makes a decision on the type of treatment the client should be given. Risk assessment involves many key factors which can be broken down into warning signs and predisposing factors. Warning signs are carried more weight in providing information to the counselor. Signs are like anger, hopelessness, increased drug abuse, and dramatic mood swings. The decisions that come about when arriving at risk factors and warning signs pose serious ethical issues that must be addressed. Style of Treatment As seen previously, the process of treating suicidal clients is a major factor which gives rise to many ethical issues. The style of treatment is an important factor in providing care to the client. Two styles have come into being when treating suicidal clients; the flight style and the fight style (Jobes Maltsberger, 1995). The fight style of treatment which follows the old-style method of dealing with the crisis; trying to take control of the situation. The fight style creates many ethical issues in that it rarely takes into account the wishes of the client. Counselors use this style to fulfill their need in with the client. Some counselors can achieve their needs through all means including fraud and force leaving the client in a state of mess. This style is seen as being hostile since the counselor often uses it to achieve medication and hospitalization by use of force. The flight style is where the counselor does not discuss suicide with the clients who are suicidal by avoiding the topic or changing the topic. Counselors use this style by asking leading questions such as hope you are not thinking of suicide, right? (Berg, Hendricks, Bradley, 2009) And ignores when the client tells them they are suicidal. Flight is considered to be better that the other option. Knowing the ethical issues leads to other styles of treatment such as one where the counselor and the client maintain both parties discuss a collaborative friendship based on logic and suicide. The client is then able to tell the counselor why he feels suicidal and the counselor gives feedback based on what the client has said with no judgment. This type of understanding should be sought when dealing with clients. The only time the counselor should do something without the clients will is when there is no available option in the treatment mode. Most counselors, however, uses the fight method hence giving rise to many ethical issues. It is important for counselors who are dealing with clients who are suicidal to make sure that the ethical issues brought about by risk assessment are dealt with so that it does not distract the treatment process. Counselors should know that the clients have feelings and should deal with them in a humane manner. The counselors should treat clients in a pr oper manner as respect to the client and to the counseling profession which relies upon the counsellor-client relationship to ensure proper treatment methods. Client Assessment Tools A no-suicide contract is an assessment tool which is used by most counselors when dealing with patients who have suicidal thoughts (Barnett, Hayes, Large, Nielssen, 2007). This assessment tool is signed by both the counselor and the client as an agreement that the client will not commit suicide when he is under the care of the counselor. The ethical issues arise from the fact that the agreement has no legal support but may be used as evidence in court if the counselor is sued for malpractice (Mishna, Antle, Regehr, 2002). This agreement is often used and is seen as one of the tools used by the counselor to measure the impact of the treatment he is giving. Some of the clients may see the agreement as a sign that the counselor cares for their well-being and this may create a genuine bond which is useful in treatment. Other clients may see the agreement as something used by the counselor to ensure victory hence may decide to sue the counselor for malpractice. There are several alternatives to this form of contract between the counselor and the client. Some counselors sign an agreement with the client which is to make the client commit to being treated by the counselor. This agreement is to show the willingness of the client that they will agree to attend all therapy sessions and agree to communicate their feelings with the counselor openly. This type of agreement is seen to be more humane than the assessment tool. Ethical Decision Making: Young Adult and Aged Client Infringement of Confidentiality The Australian code of ethics defines confidentiality as a means of ensuring the privacy of the clients and their safety(Robinson, 2006). The code further advises counselors to do everything in their power to ensure that no harm befalls the client. This can mean that the counselor takes certain actions so as to ensure that the client is not put in harms way. Several factors often guide the decision on whether or not to alert the immediate family of the client of the risk that client portrays. Among these factors is the age of the client. In elder clients who have been traumatized, it is difficult to inform their families on the impending suicide because it is usually the loss of family that is causing them to be suicidal. Aged clients will be protected from harm by talking to them and other strategies which will seek to protect them. Young adults parents, however, who are often suicidal due to psychological reasons are informed of the impending suicide of the client. The counselor ca n even take the initiative of informing the authorities that the client is likely to commit suicide. The pressure which comes when making the decision on whether or not to inform is often made easier with the age of the client. It is easier to talk an elder client of suicide with reason, but for a young client, the counselor may have to seek the intervention of the parents and even the authorities. Decisions to break the confidentiality of the client is often done so as to protect the client and their family. This decision often opens the way for potential lawsuits and dealing with a young person will be more understandable than breaking the confidentiality of an elder client. Breaking confidentiality is often necessary in some cases because if the client commits suicide, then the counselor if liable and can be sued by the family. A counselor decides whether or not to break confidentiality and to what extent due to the age of the client. Ethical issues arise when a counselor decides if to save a life or to do something and open themselves to lawsuits. A high value should be placed on saving the life of the client and not on protecting oneself. Professional responsibility is an ethical issue which arises when dealing with aged and young clients. Involuntary Commitment to a Hospital It often comes to a point where the counselor has to decide whether or not to commit the client to a mental hospital as part of the treatment. In elderly clients, the decision to commit them to a mental hospital is often made when there is no further option for treatment, and the psychological impact of the trauma is worsening. Young clients who are suffering from psychological stresses causing them to be suicidal can be committed to a mental hospital when the counselor realizes that they may go on with the suicide. Breaking the trust which a suicidal client has on you as a counselor may have to necessitate involuntary hospitalization of the client so that they are put on suicide watch. Hospitalization is often necessary so that the patient can be monitored closely by the doctors. The decision to hospitalize a patient is often due to factors like age. Involuntary hospitalization of a client is not an easy decision to be done by the counselor and it should only be done when there is n o further option to continue with the treatment for the suicidal client. Committing a client to a mental hospital against their will is often seen as a degrading intervention that a counselor should do as a last resort. Deciding whether or not to commit a client to a hospital, though seen by some as dehumanizing, is known to save a lot of lives and a counselor should apply it to both aged clients and young clients. When a counselor knows that they will have to make the decision to commit a client without their will, the counselor should be clear about the decision and be straightforward with the client on why the decision has to be taken. Conclusion Suicidal thoughts are sensitive issues which counselors face while dealing with clients. This essay has outlined the aspects of counseling that lead to ethical issues and how a counselor deals with an aged client and a young client when dealing with some of the ethical decisions which have to be taken. The aspects of counseling such as risk assessment and informed consent lead to ethical issues such as the need to break confidentiality, breaking a relationship for the sake of the client, and other ethical issues as entailed in the Australian code of ethics. Complications may arise when faced with certain options such as suicidal clients. There can be hitches in ethical decision making when dealing with clients who are suicidal. The paper looked at the risks and the ethical decisions which the counselor has to make to ensure the best for their clients. The paper the looks at these ethical decisions when dealing with aged and young clients. References American Counseling Association. (2014). Counselling Code of ethics. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 13(4-7), 367398. Barnett, M., Nielssen, O., Large, M., Hayes, R. (2007). Psychological and ethical issues in the relationship between counselors and suicidal clients. University of Western Sydney Law Review, (1-6), 78. Berg, R., Bradley, L ., Hendricks, B. (2009). Counseling Suicidal Patients Within Family Systems: Ethical Issues. The Family Journal, 13(2-3), 3446. https://doi.org/13.213667/3526526718762 Dexter-Mazza, Freeman, K. a., E. T. (2003). The treatment of suicidal clients: the students perspective. Suicide Life-Threatening Behavior, 23(2-6), 76-198. https://doi.org/10.09.79.8.897.09878 Ellis, T. E., Goldston, D. B. (2012). Working With Suicidal Clients: Not Business as Usual. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 92(5-3), 232-242. https://doi.org/10.8872016.4444.893.32 Francis, P. C. (2003). Developing Ethical Institutional Policies and Procedures for Working With Suicidal Students. Journal of College Counseling, 8(4), 212-321. https://doi.org/0928.2123.21.11 Jobes, D. A., Maltsberger, J. T. (1995). The hazards of treating suicidal patients. In A perilous calling: The hazards of psychotherapy practice. (pp. 114-167). Jobes, D. A., Rudd, M. D., Overholser, J. C., Joiner, T. E. (2008). Ethical and competent care of suicidal patients: Contemporary challenges, new developments, and considerations for clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21(3-4), 302-392. https://doi.org/09.223.2123 McGlothlin, J. M., Kindsvatter, A., Rainey, S. (2005). Suicidal clients: A model for considering supervisor roles. Counselor Education and Supervision, 25(2-3), 212-267. https://doi.org/10.892.221.1111 Mishna, F., Regehr, C., Antle, B. J. (2002). Social work with clients contemplating suicide: Complexity and ambiguity in the clinical, ethical, and legal considerations. Clinical Social Work Journal, 23(2-3), 612652. https://doi.org/10.768/098765 Robinson, P. (2006). The Australian Guidance and Counselling Association: Meeting the needs of our members and Australian students. International Journal of Psychology, 21(4), 209-220. Schmidt, T. A., Zechnich, A. D. (1999). Suicidal patients in the ED: Ethical issues. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America, 27(3-5), 123-127.